Interaction of the ionic liquid [BMP][TFSA] with rutile TiO2(110) and coadsorbed lithium.

Aiming at a fundamental understanding of the processes at the electrode|ionic liquid interface in Li ion batteries, we investigated the interaction of the ionic liquid n-butyl-n-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [BMP][TFSA] and of Li with a reduced rutile TiO2(110) (1 × 1) surface as well as the interaction between [BMP][TFSA] and Li on the TiO2(110) surface under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning tunnelling microscopy. Between 80 K and 340 K [BMP][TFSA] adsorbs molecularly on the surface and at higher temperatures decomposition is observed, resulting in products such as Sad, Fad and TiNx. The decomposition pattern is compared to proposals based on theory. Small amounts of Li intercalate even at 80 K into TiO2(110), forming Li(+) and Ti(3+) species. The stoichiometry in the near surface region corresponds to Li7Ti5O12. For higher coverages in the range of several monolayers part of the Li remains on the surface, forming a Li2O cover layer. At 300 K, Ti(3+) species become sufficiently mobile to diffuse into the bulk. Li post-deposition on a [BMP][TFSA] covered TiO2(110) surface at 80 K results in two competing reactions, Li intercalation and reaction with the IL, resulting in the decomposition of the IL. Upon warming up, the Ti(3+) formed at low T is consumed by reaction with the IL adlayer and intermediate decomposition products. Post-deposition of [BMP][TFSA] (300 K) on a surface pre-covered with a Li2O/Li7Ti5O12 layer results in the partial reaction of [BMP][TFSA] with the Li(+) and Ti(3+) species, which gets completed at higher temperatures.