Ellery Stacey J, Walker David W, Dickinson Hayley
Hudson Institute of Medical Research and Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The Ritchie Centre, Monash Medical Centre, Monash University, 27-31 Wright St., Clayton, Melbourne, 3168, Australia.
Amino Acids. 2016 Aug;48(8):1807-17. doi: 10.1007/s00726-016-2199-y. Epub 2016 Feb 22.
The creatine/phosphocreatine/creatine kinase circuit is instrumental in regulating high-energy phosphate metabolism, and the maintenance of cellular energy turnover. The mechanisms by which creatine is able to buffer and regulate cellular energy balance, maintain acid-base balance, and reduce the effects of oxidative stress have led to a large number of studies into the use of creatine supplementation in exercise performance and to treat diseases associated with cellular energy depletion. Some of these studies have identified sex-specific responses to creatine supplementation, as such; there is the perception, that females might be less receptive to the benefits of creatine supplementation and therapy, compared to males. This review will describe the differences in male and female physique and physiology that may account for such differences, and discuss the apparent endocrine modulation of creatine metabolism in females. Hormone-driven changes to endogenous creatine synthesis, creatine transport and creatine kinase expression suggest that significant changes in this cellular energy circuit occur during specific stages of a female's reproductive life, including pregnancy and menopause. Recent studies suggest that creatine supplementation may be highly beneficial for women under certain conditions, such as depression. A greater understanding of these pathways, and the consequences of alterations to creatine bioavailability in females are needed to ensure that creatine is used to full advantage as a dietary supplement to optimize and enhance health outcomes for women.
肌酸/磷酸肌酸/肌酸激酶循环在调节高能磷酸代谢以及维持细胞能量周转方面发挥着重要作用。肌酸能够缓冲和调节细胞能量平衡、维持酸碱平衡并减轻氧化应激影响的机制，促使人们对补充肌酸在运动表现及治疗与细胞能量耗竭相关疾病中的应用展开了大量研究。其中一些研究已经确定了补充肌酸的性别特异性反应；因此，人们认为与男性相比，女性可能对补充肌酸及进行相关治疗的益处反应较小。本综述将描述可能导致此类差异的男性和女性身体结构及生理方面的差异，并讨论女性体内肌酸代谢明显的内分泌调节情况。激素驱动的内源性肌酸合成、肌酸转运及肌酸激酶表达的变化表明，在女性生殖生活的特定阶段，包括怀孕和绝经期间，这个细胞能量循环会发生显著变化。最近的研究表明，在某些情况下，如抑郁症，补充肌酸可能对女性非常有益。需要更深入了解这些途径以及女性体内肌酸生物利用度改变的后果，以确保肌酸作为膳食补充剂能充分发挥优势，优化并改善女性的健康状况。
