Rasmussen Silas Anselm, Andersen Aaron John Christian, Andersen Nikolaj Gedsted, Nielsen Kristian Fog, Hansen Per Juel, Larsen Thomas Ostenfeld
Department of Systems Biology, Technical University of Denmark , Søltofts Plads 221, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
Marine Biological Section, Department of Biology, Copenhagen University , Strandpromenaden 5, Helsingør, Denmark.
J Nat Prod. 2016 Mar 25;79(3):662-73. doi: 10.1021/acs.jnatprod.5b01066. Epub 2016 Feb 22.
Microalgae, particularly those from the lineage Dinoflagellata, are very well-known for their ability to produce phycotoxins that may accumulate in the marine food chain and eventually cause poisoning in humans. This includes toxins accumulating in shellfish, such as saxitoxin, okadaic acid, yessotoxins, azaspiracids, brevetoxins, and pinnatoxins. Other toxins, such as ciguatoxins and maitotoxins, accumulate in fish, where, as is the case for the latter compounds, they can be metabolized to even more toxic metabolites. On the other hand, much less is known about the chemical nature of compounds that are toxic to fish, the so-called ichthyotoxins. Despite numerous reports of algal blooms causing massive fish kills worldwide, only a few types of compounds, such as the karlotoxins, have been proven to be true ichthyotoxins. This review will highlight marine microalgae as the source of some of the most complex natural compounds known to mankind, with chemical structures that show no resemblance to what has been characterized from plants, fungi, or bacteria. In addition, it will summarize algal species known to be related to fish-killing blooms, but from which ichthyotoxins are yet to be characterized.
微藻，尤其是那些属于甲藻纲的微藻，因其产生藻毒素的能力而广为人知，这些藻毒素可能会在海洋食物链中积累，并最终导致人类中毒。这包括在贝类中积累的毒素，如石房蛤毒素、冈田酸、虾夷毒素、azaspiracids、短裸甲藻毒素和pinnatoxins。其他毒素，如西加毒素和刺尾鱼毒素，则在鱼类中积累，就后一种化合物而言，它们可以代谢为毒性更强的代谢产物。另一方面，对于对鱼类有毒的化合物，即所谓的鱼毒素的化学性质，人们了解得要少得多。尽管有大量关于藻华在全球范围内导致大量鱼类死亡的报道，但只有少数几种化合物，如karlotoxins，被证明是真正的鱼毒素。这篇综述将强调海洋微藻是人类已知的一些最复杂天然化合物的来源，其化学结构与从植物、真菌或细菌中鉴定出的化合物毫无相似之处。此外，它将总结已知与导致鱼类死亡的藻华有关，但尚未鉴定出鱼毒素的藻类物种。
