Blechert J, Testa G, Georgii C, Klimesch W, Wilhelm F H
Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria.
Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Psychology, Division of Clinical Psychology, Psychotherapy, and Health Psychology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria; Department of Human and Social Sciences, University of Bergamo, Bergamo, Italy.
Physiol Behav. 2016 May 1;158:18-25. doi: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.02.028. Epub 2016 Feb 22.
Present-day environments are replete with tempting foods and the current obesity pandemic speaks to humans' inability to adjust to this. Pavlovian processes may be fundamental to such hedonic overeating. However, a lack of naturalistic Pavlovian paradigms in humans makes translational research difficult and important parameters such as implicitness and acquisition speed are unknown. Here we present a novel naturalistic conditioning task: an image of a neutral object was conditioned to marzipan taste in a single trial procedure by asking the participant to eat the 'object' (made from marzipan). Relative to control objects, results demonstrate robust pre- to post-conditioning changes of both subjective ratings and early as well as late event related brain potentials, suggesting contributions of implicit (attentional) and explicit (motivational) processes. Naturalistic single-trial taste-appetitive conditioning is potent in humans and shapes attentional and motivational neural processes that might challenge self-regulation during exposure to tempting foods. Thus, appetitive conditioning processes might contribute to overweight and obesity.
当今的环境中充斥着诱人的食物，而当前的肥胖流行表明人类无法适应这一点。巴甫洛夫式过程可能是这种享乐性暴饮暴食的根本原因。然而，人类缺乏自然主义的巴甫洛夫范式使得转化研究变得困难，诸如内隐性和习得速度等重要参数也尚不明确。在此，我们提出了一种新颖的自然主义条件作用任务：通过要求参与者食用由杏仁蛋白软糖制成的“物体”，在单次试验过程中将一个中性物体的图像与杏仁蛋白软糖的味道建立条件联系。相对于对照物体，结果表明，主观评分以及早期和晚期事件相关脑电位在条件作用前后均发生了显著变化，这表明内隐（注意力）和外显（动机）过程都发挥了作用。自然主义单次试验味觉 - 食欲条件作用在人类中具有强大作用，并塑造了注意力和动机神经过程，这些过程可能在接触诱人食物时挑战自我调节。因此，食欲条件作用过程可能导致超重和肥胖。
