Walker Andrew A, Weirauch Christiane, Fry Bryan G, King Glenn F
Institute for Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia.
Department of Entomology, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA.
Toxins (Basel). 2016 Feb 12;8(2):43. doi: 10.3390/toxins8020043.
The piercing-sucking mouthparts of the true bugs (Insecta: Hemiptera: Heteroptera) have allowed diversification from a plant-feeding ancestor into a wide range of trophic strategies that include predation and blood-feeding. Crucial to the success of each of these strategies is the injection of venom. Here we review the current state of knowledge with regard to heteropteran venoms. Predaceous species produce venoms that induce rapid paralysis and liquefaction. These venoms are powerfully insecticidal, and may cause paralysis or death when injected into vertebrates. Disulfide-rich peptides, bioactive phospholipids, small molecules such as N,N-dimethylaniline and 1,2,5-trithiepane, and toxic enzymes such as phospholipase A2, have been reported in predatory venoms. However, the detailed composition and molecular targets of predatory venoms are largely unknown. In contrast, recent research into blood-feeding heteropterans has revealed the structure and function of many protein and non-protein components that facilitate acquisition of blood meals. Blood-feeding venoms lack paralytic or liquefying activity but instead are cocktails of pharmacological modulators that disable the host haemostatic systems simultaneously at multiple points. The multiple ways venom is used by heteropterans suggests that further study will reveal heteropteran venom components with a wide range of bioactivities that may be recruited for use as bioinsecticides, human therapeutics, and pharmacological tools.
真正的蝽类（昆虫纲：半翅目：异翅亚目）的刺吸式口器使得它们从以植物为食的祖先分化出了广泛的营养策略，包括捕食和吸食血液。毒液的注入对这些策略中的每一种取得成功都至关重要。在此，我们综述了关于异翅亚目毒液的当前知识状况。捕食性物种产生的毒液会导致快速麻痹和液化。这些毒液具有强大的杀虫作用，注入脊椎动物体内时可能会导致麻痹或死亡。在捕食性毒液中已报道了富含二硫键的肽、生物活性磷脂、诸如N，N - 二甲基苯胺和1,2,5 - 三硫杂环戊烷等小分子以及诸如磷脂酶A2等有毒酶。然而，捕食性毒液的详细成分和分子靶点在很大程度上尚不清楚。相比之下，最近对吸食血液的异翅亚目的研究揭示了许多有助于获取血餐的蛋白质和非蛋白质成分的结构和功能。吸食血液的毒液缺乏麻痹或液化活性，而是由多种药理调节剂组成的混合物，能在多个点同时使宿主止血系统失效。异翅亚目使用毒液的多种方式表明，进一步的研究将揭示具有广泛生物活性的异翅亚目毒液成分，这些成分可能被开发用作生物杀虫剂、人类治疗药物和药理工具。
