Rajagopal Mithila, Walker Suzanne
Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA.
Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, 02138, USA.
Curr Top Microbiol Immunol. 2017;404:1-44. doi: 10.1007/82_2015_5021.
Gram-positive organisms, including the pathogens Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Enterococcus faecalis, have dynamic cell envelopes that mediate interactions with the environment and serve as the first line of defense against toxic molecules. Major components of the cell envelope include peptidoglycan (PG), which is a well-established target for antibiotics, teichoic acids (TAs), capsular polysaccharides (CPS), surface proteins, and phospholipids. These components can undergo modification to promote pathogenesis, decrease susceptibility to antibiotics and host immune defenses, and enhance survival in hostile environments. This chapter will cover the structure, biosynthesis, and important functions of major cell envelope components in gram-positive bacteria. Possible targets for new antimicrobials will be noted.
革兰氏阳性菌，包括病原体金黄色葡萄球菌、肺炎链球菌和粪肠球菌，具有动态的细胞壁，介导与环境的相互作用，并作为抵御有毒分子的第一道防线。细胞壁的主要成分包括肽聚糖（PG），它是一种公认的抗生素作用靶点、磷壁酸（TA）、荚膜多糖（CPS）、表面蛋白和磷脂。这些成分可以发生修饰，以促进致病作用、降低对抗生素和宿主免疫防御的敏感性，并增强在恶劣环境中的生存能力。本章将涵盖革兰氏阳性菌主要细胞壁成分的结构、生物合成及其重要功能。还将指出新型抗菌药物可能的作用靶点。
