富含黄烷醇的可可粉改变猪的肠道微生物群、组织和体液代谢物谱以及肠道基因表达。
Flavanol-Enriched Cocoa Powder Alters the Intestinal Microbiota, Tissue and Fluid Metabolite Profiles, and Intestinal Gene Expression in Pigs.
作者信息
Jang Saebyeol, Sun Jianghao, Chen Pei, Lakshman Sukla, Molokin Aleksey, Harnly James M, Vinyard Bryan T, Urban Joseph F, Davis Cindy D, Solano-Aguilar Gloria
机构信息
Diet, Genomics and Immunology Laboratory and.
Food Composition and Methods Development Laboratory.
出版信息
J Nutr. 2016 Apr;146(4):673-80. doi: 10.3945/jn.115.222968. Epub 2016 Mar 2.
BACKGROUND
Consumption of cocoa-derived polyphenols has been associated with several health benefits; however, their effects on the intestinal microbiome and related features of host intestinal health are not adequately understood.
OBJECTIVE
The objective of this study was to determine the effects of eating flavanol-enriched cocoa powder on the composition of the gut microbiota, tissue metabolite profiles, and intestinal immune status.
METHODS
Male pigs (5 mo old, 28 kg mean body weight) were supplemented with 0, 2.5, 10, or 20 g flavanol-enriched cocoa powder/d for 27 d. Metabolites in serum, urine, the proximal colon contents, liver, and adipose tissue; bacterial abundance in the intestinal contents and feces; and intestinal tissue gene expression of inflammatory markers and Toll-like receptors (TLRs) were then determined.
RESULTS
O-methyl-epicatechin-glucuronide conjugates dose-dependently increased (P< 0.01) in the urine (35- to 204-fold), serum (6- to 186-fold), and adipose tissue (34- to 1144-fold) of pigs fed cocoa powder. The concentration of 3-hydroxyphenylpropionic acid isomers in urine decreased as the dose of cocoa powder fed to pigs increased (75-85%,P< 0.05). Compared with the unsupplemented pigs, the abundance ofLactobacillusspecies was greater in the feces (7-fold,P= 0.005) and that ofBifidobacteriumspecies was greater in the proximal colon contents (9-fold,P= 0.01) in pigs fed only 20 or 10 g cocoa powder/d, respectively. Moreover, consumption of cocoa powder reducedTLR9gene expression in ileal Peyer's patches (67-80%,P< 0.05) and mesenteric lymph nodes (43-71%,P< 0.05) of pigs fed 2.5-20 g cocoa powder/d compared with pigs not supplemented with cocoa powder.
CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates that consumption of cocoa powder by pigs can contribute to gut health by enhancing the abundance ofLactobacillusandBifidobacteriumspecies and modulating markers of localized intestinal immunity.
背景
食用可可衍生的多酚与多种健康益处相关；然而，它们对肠道微生物群以及宿主肠道健康相关特征的影响尚未得到充分了解。
目的
本研究的目的是确定食用富含黄烷醇的可可粉对肠道微生物群组成、组织代谢物谱和肠道免疫状态的影响。
方法
对雄性猪（5月龄，平均体重28千克）每天分别补充0、2.5、10或20克富含黄烷醇的可可粉，持续27天。然后测定血清、尿液、近端结肠内容物、肝脏和脂肪组织中的代谢物；肠道内容物和粪便中的细菌丰度；以及肠道组织中炎症标志物和Toll样受体（TLR）的基因表达。
结果
在喂食可可粉的猪的尿液（35至204倍）、血清（6至186倍）和脂肪组织（34至1144倍）中，O-甲基-表儿茶素-葡萄糖醛酸共轭物呈剂量依赖性增加（P<0.01）。随着喂给猪的可可粉剂量增加，尿液中3-羟基苯丙酸异构体的浓度降低（75-85%，P<0.05）。与未补充可可粉的猪相比，仅喂食20克或10克可可粉/天的猪的粪便中乳酸杆菌属丰度更高（7倍，P=0.005），近端结肠内容物中双歧杆菌属丰度更高（9倍，P=0.01）。此外，与未补充可可粉的猪相比，喂食2.5-20克可可粉/天的猪的回肠派尔集合淋巴结中TLR9基因表达降低（67-80%，P<0.05），肠系膜淋巴结中TLR9基因表达降低（43-71%，P<0.05）。
结论
本研究表明，猪食用可可粉可通过增加乳酸杆菌属和双歧杆菌属的丰度以及调节局部肠道免疫标志物来促进肠道健康。
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