Kamijo Keita, Bae Seongryu, Masaki Hiroaki
Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Saitama, Japan.
Department of Functioning Activation, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, Obu, Aichi, Japan.
PLoS One. 2016 Mar 3;11(3):e0150691. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0150691. eCollection 2016.
Several studies have claimed that the positive association between childhood fitness and cognitive control is attributable to differences in the child's cognitive control strategy, which can involve either proactive or reactive control. The present study tested this hypothesis by manipulating the probability of trial types during a modified flanker task. Preadolescent children performed mostly congruent and mostly incongruent conditions of the flanker task, with post-error task performance and error negativity/error-related negativity (Ne/ERN) being assessed. Results indicated that greater aerobic fitness was related to greater post-error accuracy and larger Ne/ERN amplitudes in the mostly congruent condition. These findings suggest that higher-fit children might be able to transiently upregulate cognitive control by recruiting reactive control in the mostly congruent condition. Further, greater fitness was related to greater modulation of Ne/ERN amplitude between conditions, suggesting that higher-fit children engaged in more proactive control in the mostly incongruent condition. This study supports the hypothesis that greater childhood fitness is associated with a more flexible shift between reactive and proactive modes of cognitive control to adapt to varying task demands.
多项研究声称，儿童时期的体能与认知控制之间的正相关归因于儿童认知控制策略的差异，这可能涉及主动控制或反应控制。本研究通过在改良的侧翼任务中操纵试验类型的概率来检验这一假设。青春期前儿童进行了侧翼任务的大多一致和大多不一致条件的测试，并评估了错误后任务表现以及错误负波/错误相关负波（Ne/ERN）。结果表明，在大多一致条件下，较高的有氧适能与更高的错误后准确性和更大的Ne/ERN波幅相关。这些发现表明，体能较好的儿童可能能够在大多一致条件下通过采用反应控制来暂时上调认知控制。此外，更高的适能与不同条件下Ne/ERN波幅的更大调节有关，这表明体能较好的儿童在大多不一致条件下进行了更多的主动控制。本研究支持这样的假设，即儿童时期更高的体能与认知控制的反应模式和主动模式之间更灵活的转换相关，以适应不同的任务需求。
