Endendijk Joyce J, Beltz Adriene M, McHale Susan M, Bryk Kristina, Berenbaum Sheri A
Centre for Child and Family Studies, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Department of Human Development & Family Studies, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA.
Arch Sex Behav. 2016 Oct;45(7):1807-15. doi: 10.1007/s10508-016-0693-7. Epub 2016 Mar 3.
Key questions for developmentalists concern the origins of gender attitudes and their implications for behavior. We examined whether prenatal androgen exposure was related to gender attitudes, and whether and how the links between attitudes and gendered activity interest and participation were mediated by gender identity and moderated by hormones. Gender attitudes (i.e., gender-role attitudes and attitudes about being a girl), gender identity, and gender-typed activities were reported by 54 girls aged 10-13 years varying in degree of prenatal androgen exposure, including 40 girls with classical congenital adrenal hyperplasia (C-CAH) exposed to high prenatal androgens and 14 girls with non-classical (NC) CAH exposed to low, female-typical, prenatal androgens. Both girls with C-CAH and NC-CAH reported positive attitudes about being a girl and egalitarian gender attitudes, consistent with their female-typical gender identity. In contrast, girls with C-CAH had more male-typed activity interest and participation than girls with NC-CAH. Gender attitudes were linked to activities in both groups, with gender identity mediating the links. Specifically, gender-role attitudes and positive attitudes about being a girl were associated with feminine gender identity, which in turn was associated with decreased male-typed activity interests and participation, and increased female-typed activity interests. Our results are consistent with schema theories, with attitudes more closely associated with gender identity than with prenatal androgens.
发展心理学家关注的关键问题涉及性别态度的起源及其对行为的影响。我们研究了产前雄激素暴露是否与性别态度有关，以及态度与性别化活动兴趣和参与之间的联系是否以及如何通过性别认同来介导，并受激素调节。54名年龄在10至13岁之间、产前雄激素暴露程度不同的女孩报告了她们的性别态度（即性别角色态度和对成为女孩的态度）、性别认同和性别类型活动，其中包括40名患有经典型先天性肾上腺皮质增生症（C-CAH）、产前暴露于高剂量雄激素的女孩，以及14名患有非经典型（NC）CAH、产前暴露于低剂量、女性典型水平雄激素的女孩。患有C-CAH和NC-CAH的女孩都报告了对成为女孩的积极态度和平等的性别态度，这与她们女性典型的性别认同一致。相比之下，患有C-CAH的女孩比患有NC-CAH的女孩有更多男性化类型的活动兴趣和参与度。两组中性别态度都与活动有关，性别认同介导了这种联系。具体而言，性别角色态度和对成为女孩的积极态度与女性化性别认同相关，而女性化性别认同反过来又与男性化类型活动兴趣和参与度的降低以及女性化类型活动兴趣的增加相关。我们的结果与图式理论一致，即态度与性别认同的关联比与产前雄激素的关联更为紧密。
