Luz Diandra Araújo, Pinheiro Alana Miranda, Silva Mallone Lopes, Monteiro Marta Chagas, Prediger Rui Daniel, Ferraz Maia Cristiane Socorro, Fontes-Júnior Enéas Andrade
Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Farmacêuticas, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil.
Faculdade de Farmácia, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Pará, Belém 66075-900, Pará, Brazil.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2016 Jun 5;185:182-201. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.02.053. Epub 2016 Mar 2.
Petiveria alliacea L. commonly grows in the tropical regions of the Americas such as the Amazon forest, Central America, Caribbean islands and Mexico, as well as specific regions of Africa. Popularly known by several different names including 'mucuracaá', 'guiné' and 'pipi', P. alliacea has been used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various central nervous system (CNS) disorders, such as anxiety, pain, memory deficits and seizures, as well as for its anaesthetic and sedative properties. Furthermore, the use of this species for religious ceremonies has been reported since the era of slavery in the Americas. Therefore, the present review aims to provide a critical and comprehensive overview of the ethnobotany, phytochemistry and pharmacological properties of P. alliacea, focusing on CNS pharmacological effects, in order to identify scientific lacunae and to open new perspectives for future research.
A literature search was performed on P. alliacea using ethnobotanical textbooks, published articles in peer-reviewed journals, unpublished materials, government survey reports and scientific databases such as PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, Science Direct and Google Scholar. The Plant List, International Plant Name Index and Kew Botanical Garden Plant name databases were used to validate the scientific names.
Crude extracts, fractions and phytochemical constituents isolated from various parts of P. alliacea show a wide spectrum of neuropharmacological activities including anxiolytic, antidepressant, antinociceptive and anti-seizure, and as cognitive enhancers. Phytochemistry studies of P. alliacea indicate that this plant contains a diversity of biologically active compounds, with qualitative and quantitative variations of the major compounds depending on the region of collection and the harvest season, such as essential oil (Petiverina), saponinic glycosides, isoarborinol-triterpene, isoarborinol-acetate, isoarborinol-cinnamate, steroids, alkaloids, flavonoids and tannins. Root chemical analyses have revealed coumarins, benzyl-hydroxy-ethyl-trisulphide, benzaldehyde, benzoic acid, dibenzyl trisulphide, potassium nitrate, b-sitosterol, isoarborinol, isoarborinol-acetate, isoarborinol-cinnamate, polyphenols, trithiolaniacine, glucose and glycine.
Many traditional uses of P. alliacea have now been validated by modern pharmacology research. The available data reviewed here support the emergence of P. alliacea as a potential source for the treatment of different CNS disorders including anxiety, depression, pain, epilepsy and memory impairments. However, further studies are certainly required to improve the knowledge about the mechanisms of action, toxicity and efficacy of the plant as well as about its bioactive compounds before it can be approved in terms of its safety for therapeutic applications.
蒜芥茄（Petiveria alliacea L.）常见于美洲的热带地区，如亚马逊森林、中美洲、加勒比群岛和墨西哥，以及非洲的特定地区。蒜芥茄有多个不同的俗名，包括“mucuracaá”、“guiné”和“pipi”，在传统医学中，它被用于治疗各种中枢神经系统（CNS）疾病，如焦虑、疼痛、记忆缺陷和癫痫发作，同时也因其麻醉和镇静特性而被使用。此外，自美洲奴隶制时代以来，就有关于该物种用于宗教仪式的报道。因此，本综述旨在对蒜芥茄的民族植物学、植物化学和药理学特性进行批判性和全面的概述，重点关注其对中枢神经系统的药理作用，以找出科学空白，并为未来研究开辟新的视角。
利用民族植物学教科书、同行评审期刊上发表的文章、未发表的材料、政府调查报告以及科学数据库（如PubMed、Scopus、Web of Science、Science Direct和Google Scholar）对蒜芥茄进行文献检索。使用植物名录、国际植物名称索引和邱园植物园植物名称数据库来验证科学名称。
从蒜芥茄不同部位分离得到的粗提物、馏分和植物化学成分表现出广泛的神经药理活性，包括抗焦虑、抗抑郁、抗伤害感受和抗癫痫作用，以及作为认知增强剂的作用。蒜芥茄的植物化学研究表明，这种植物含有多种生物活性化合物，主要化合物的定性和定量会因采集地区和收获季节而有所不同，如精油（Petiverina）、皂苷糖苷、异乔木醇 - 三萜、异乔木醇 - 乙酸酯、异乔木醇 - 肉桂酸酯、甾体、生物碱、黄酮类化合物和单宁。根部化学分析揭示了香豆素、苄基 - 羟基 - 乙基 - 三硫化物、苯甲醛、苯甲酸、二苄基三硫化物、硝酸钾、β - 谷甾醇、异乔木醇、异乔木醇 - 乙酸酯、异乔木醇 - 肉桂酸酯、多酚、三硫代烟酸、葡萄糖和甘氨酸。
蒜芥茄的许多传统用途现已得到现代药理学研究的验证。此处综述的现有数据支持蒜芥茄成为治疗包括焦虑、抑郁、疼痛、癫痫和记忆障碍在内的不同中枢神经系统疾病的潜在来源。然而，在其治疗应用的安全性得到批准之前，肯定需要进一步研究，以增进对该植物的作用机制、毒性和疗效以及其生物活性化合物的了解。
