Botana Luis M
Departamento de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela , 27002 Lugo, Spain.
Chem Res Toxicol. 2016 Apr 18;29(4):619-25. doi: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.6b00020. Epub 2016 Mar 16.
In recent years, our group and several others have been describing the presence of new, not previously reported, toxins of high toxicity in vectors that may reach the human food chain. These include tetrodotoxin in gastropods in the South of Europe, ciguatoxin in fish in the South of Spain, palytoxin in mussels in the Mediterranean Sea, pinnatoxin all over Europe, and okadaic acid in the south of the U.S. There seem to be new marine toxins appearing in areas that are heavy producers of seafood, and this is a cause of concern as most of these new toxins are not included in current legislation and monitoring programs. Along with the new toxins, new chemical analogues are being reported. The same phenomenom is being recorded in freshwater toxins, such as the wide appearance of cylindrospermopsin and the large worldwide increase of microcystin. The problem that this phenomenon, which may be linked to climate warming, poses for toxicologists is very important not only because there is a lack of chronic studies and an incomplete comprehension of the mechanism driving the production of these toxins but also because the lack of a legal framework for them allows many of these toxins to reach the market. In some cases, it is very difficult to control these toxins because there are not enough standards available, they are not always certified, and there is an insufficient understanding of the toxic equivalency factors of the different analogues in each group. All of these factors have been revealed and grouped through the massive increase in the use of LC-MS as a monitoring tool, legally demanded, creating more toxicological problems.
近年来，我们团队以及其他几个团队一直在描述一些新的、以前未报道过的高毒性毒素存在于可能进入人类食物链的载体中。这些毒素包括欧洲南部腹足类动物中的河豚毒素、西班牙南部鱼类中的雪卡毒素、地中海贻贝中的岩沙海葵毒素、遍布欧洲的平纳毒素以及美国南部的冈田酸。在海产品产量高的地区似乎出现了新的海洋毒素，这令人担忧，因为目前的立法和监测项目大多未涵盖这些新毒素。除了新毒素，还不断有新的化学类似物被报道。淡水毒素也出现了同样的现象，比如柱孢藻毒素广泛出现以及微囊藻毒素在全球范围内大幅增加。这种可能与气候变暖有关的现象给毒理学家带来的问题非常重要，不仅因为缺乏长期研究且对这些毒素产生机制的理解不完整，还因为缺乏针对它们的法律框架，使得许多此类毒素得以进入市场。在某些情况下，控制这些毒素非常困难，因为可用标准不足、并非所有毒素都经过认证，而且对每组中不同类似物的毒性等效因子了解不够。所有这些因素都是通过作为法定监测工具的液相色谱 - 质谱联用仪使用量的大幅增加而被揭示和归类的，这又引发了更多毒理学问题。
