Aquilino Mónica, Sánchez-Argüello Paloma, Martínez-Guitarte José-Luis
Grupo de Biología y Toxicología Ambiental, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia, UNED, Senda del Rey 9, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Laboratorio de Ecotoxicología, Departamento de Medioambiente, Instituto Nacional de Investigación y Tecnología Agraria y Alimentaria (INIA), Ctra. La Coruña km 7, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
Aquat Toxicol. 2016 May;174:179-87. doi: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2016.03.001. Epub 2016 Mar 4.
Vinclozolin is a fungicide used in agriculture that can reach aquatic ecosystems and affect the organisms living there. Its effects have been intensively studied in vertebrates, where it acts as an antiandrogen, but there is a lack of information about its mechanistic effects on invertebrates. In this work, we analyzed the response of genes related to the endocrine system, the stress response, and the detoxification mechanisms of Chironomus riparius fourth instar larvae after 24h and 48h exposures to 20 (69.9nM), 200 (699nM), and 2000μg/L (6.99μM) of Vinclozolin. Survival analysis showed that this compound has low toxicity, as it was not lethal for this organism at the concentrations used. However, this fungicide was shown to modify the transcriptional activity of the ecdysone response pathway genes EcR, E74, and Kr-h1 by increasing their mRNA levels. While no changes were observed in disembodied, a gene related with the ecdysone synthesis metabolic pathway, Cyp18A1, which is involved in the inactivation of the active form of ecdysone, was upregulated. Additionally, the expression of two genes related to other hormones, FOXO and MAPR, did not show any changes when Vinclozolin was present. The analysis of stress response genes showed significant changes in the mRNA levels of Hsp70, Hsp24, and Gp93, indicating that Vinclozolin activates the cellular stress mechanisms. Finally, the expressions of the genes Cyp4G and GstD3, which encode enzymes involved in phase I and phase II detoxification, respectively, were analyzed. It was found that their mRNA levels were altered by Vinclozolin, suggesting their involvement in the degradation of this compound. For the first time, these results show evidence that Vinclozolin can modulate gene expression, leading to possible significant endocrine alterations of the insect endocrine system. These results also offer new clues about the mode of action of this compound in invertebrates.
乙烯菌核利是一种用于农业的杀菌剂，它能够进入水生生态系统并影响生活在其中的生物。其对脊椎动物的影响已得到深入研究，在脊椎动物中它作为一种抗雄激素起作用，但关于其对无脊椎动物的作用机制却缺乏相关信息。在这项研究中，我们分析了摇蚊四龄幼虫在暴露于20（69.9纳摩尔）、200（699纳摩尔）和2000微克/升（6.99微摩尔）乙烯菌核利24小时和48小时后，与内分泌系统、应激反应以及解毒机制相关基因的反应。生存分析表明，该化合物毒性较低，因为在所使用的浓度下对这种生物没有致死作用。然而，这种杀菌剂通过增加蜕皮激素反应途径基因EcR、E74和Kr-h1的mRNA水平，显示出会改变其转录活性。虽然与蜕皮激素合成代谢途径相关的基因“去体”未观察到变化，但参与蜕皮激素活性形式失活的Cyp18A1基因被上调。此外，当存在乙烯菌核利时，与其他激素相关的两个基因FOXO和MAPR的表达未显示任何变化。应激反应基因分析表明，热休克蛋白70（Hsp70）、热休克蛋白24（Hsp24）和糖蛋白93（Gp93）的mRNA水平有显著变化，表明乙烯菌核利激活了细胞应激机制。最后，分析了分别编码参与I相和II相解毒的酶的Cyp4G和GstD3基因的表达。发现它们的mRNA水平因乙烯菌核利而改变，表明它们参与了该化合物的降解。这些结果首次表明，乙烯菌核利能够调节基因表达，可能导致昆虫内分泌系统发生显著的内分泌改变。这些结果也为该化合物在无脊椎动物中的作用方式提供了新线索。
