Ruissen Margit I, de Bruijn Ellen R A
Department of Clinical Psychology, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden UniversityLeiden, Netherlands.
Front Psychol. 2016 Mar 3;7:274. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00274. eCollection 2016.
Joint task performance is facilitated by sharing and integrating each other's action representations. Research has shown that the amount of this so-called self-other integration depends on situational aspects related to the social context, including differences in the social relationship between co-acting individuals. There are indications that a cooperative relationship facilitates self-other integration while a competitive relationship results in more individualistic task performance. However, findings from previous studies in which the cooperative or competitive element was manipulated during task performance are inconsistent. Therefore, the present study aimed to manipulate the social relationship between two individuals prior to performing a social Simon task. This task is frequently used to measure self-other integration and distinction processes. A mixed-within-and-between-subjects design was used in which three groups of participants performed both a standard Simon task and a social Simon task after having played a Tetris game either individually, in cooperation with a co-actor, or in competition against another participant. Performance on the standard Simon task was not affected by the Tetris manipulation. However, a sustained effect of the induced cooperative versus competitive relationship was found on the social Simon Task. Less self-other integration was found in participants who had first played a competitive Tetris game compared to participants who had played a cooperative or solo version of the game. The current study thus demonstrates that an established cooperative or competitive relationship is sufficient to modulate the degree of self-other integration on subsequent joint task performance. Importantly, by using Tetris, attention to others' actions was beneficial both during cooperative and competitive game play and can thus not explain the competition-induced reduction of self-other integration.
通过共享和整合彼此的动作表征，联合任务的表现得以促进。研究表明，这种所谓的自我-他人整合的程度取决于与社会背景相关的情境因素，包括共同行动个体之间社会关系的差异。有迹象表明，合作关系有助于自我-他人整合，而竞争关系则导致更具个人主义的任务表现。然而，以往在任务执行过程中操纵合作或竞争元素的研究结果并不一致。因此，本研究旨在在执行社会西蒙任务之前操纵两个人之间的社会关系。这个任务经常被用来测量自我-他人整合和区分过程。采用了一种混合的被试内和被试间设计，其中三组参与者在分别单独玩、与合作参与者一起玩或与另一名参与者竞争玩俄罗斯方块游戏后，执行标准西蒙任务和社会西蒙任务。标准西蒙任务的表现不受俄罗斯方块游戏操纵的影响。然而，在社会西蒙任务中发现了诱导的合作与竞争关系的持续影响。与玩合作版或单人版游戏的参与者相比，首先玩竞争版俄罗斯方块游戏的参与者的自我-他人整合程度更低。因此，本研究表明，既定的合作或竞争关系足以调节后续联合任务表现中的自我-他人整合程度。重要的是，通过使用俄罗斯方块，在合作和竞争游戏过程中关注他人的行动都是有益的，因此无法解释竞争导致的自我-他人整合减少。
