Wang Zhongfang, Loh Liyen, Kedzierski Lukasz, Kedzierska Katherine
Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne , Melbourne, VIC , Australia.
Front Immunol. 2016 Mar 1;7:60. doi: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00060. eCollection 2016.
Avian influenza viruses (AIVs) circulate naturally in wild aquatic birds, infect domestic poultry, and are capable of causing sporadic bird-to-human transmissions. AIVs capable of infecting humans include a highly pathogenic AIV H5N1, first detected in humans in 1997, and a low pathogenic AIV H7N9, reported in humans in 2013. Both H5N1 and H7N9 cause severe influenza disease in humans, manifested by acute respiratory distress syndrome, multi-organ failure, and high mortality rates of 60% and 35%, respectively. Ongoing circulation of H5N1 and H7N9 viruses in wild birds and poultry, and their ability to infect humans emphasizes their epidemic and pandemic potential and poses a public health threat. It is, thus, imperative to understand the host immune responses to the AIVs so we can control severe influenza disease caused by H5N1 or H7N9 and rationally design new immunotherapies and vaccines. This review summarizes our current knowledge on AIV epidemiology, disease symptoms, inflammatory processes underlying the AIV infection in humans, and recent studies on universal pre-existing CD8(+) T cell immunity to AIVs. Immune responses driving the host recovery from AIV infection in patients hospitalized with severe influenza disease are also discussed.
禽流感病毒（AIVs）在野生水禽中自然传播，感染家禽，并能够导致偶发性的禽传人传播。能够感染人类的AIVs包括1997年首次在人类中检测到的高致病性AIV H5N1以及2013年报告于人类的低致病性AIV H7N9。H5N1和H7N9均可在人类中引发严重流感疾病，表现为急性呼吸窘迫综合征、多器官衰竭，死亡率分别高达60%和35%。H5N1和H7N9病毒在野生鸟类和家禽中的持续传播及其感染人类的能力凸显了它们的流行和大流行潜力，并构成了公共卫生威胁。因此，了解宿主对AIVs的免疫反应对于我们控制由H5N1或H7N9引起的严重流感疾病以及合理设计新的免疫疗法和疫苗至关重要。本综述总结了我们目前关于AIV流行病学、疾病症状、人类AIV感染潜在炎症过程以及对AIV普遍存在的预先存在的CD8(+) T细胞免疫的最新研究。还讨论了在患有严重流感疾病住院患者中推动宿主从AIV感染中恢复的免疫反应。
