Key Lab of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China.
Environ Int. 2016 Jul-Aug;92-93:11-22. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.03.024. Epub 2016 Apr 2.
The study reported and analyzed the current state of wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) in urban China from the perspective of treatment technologies, pollutant removals, operating load and effluent discharge standards. By the end of 2013, 3508 WWTPs have been built in 31 provinces and cities in China with a total treatment capacity of 1.48×10(8)m(3)/d. The uneven population distribution between China's east and west regions has resulted in notably different economic development outcomes. The technologies mostly used in WWTPs are AAO and oxidation ditch, which account for over 50% of the existing WWTPs. According to statistics, the efficiencies of COD and NH3-N removal are good in 656 WWTPs in 70 cities. The overall average COD removal is over 88% with few regional differences. The average removal efficiency of NH3-N is up to 80%. Large differences exist between the operating loads applied in different WWTPs. The average operating loading rate is approximately 83%, and 52% of WWTPs operate at loadings of <80%, treating up to 40% of the wastewater generated. The implementation of discharge standards has been low. Approximately 28% of WWTPs that achieved the Grade I-A Discharge Standard of Pollutants for Municipal Wastewater Treatment Plant (GB 18918-2002) were constructed after 2010. The sludge treatment and recycling rates are only 25%, and approximately 15% of wastewater is inefficiently treated. Approximately 60% of WWTPs have capacities of 1×10(4)m(3)/d-5×10(4)m(3)/d. Relatively high energy consumption is required for small-scale processing, and the utilization rate of recycled wastewater is low. The challenges of WWTPs are discussed with the aim of developing rational criteria and appropriate technologies for water recycling. Suggestions regarding potential technical and administrative measures are provided.
本研究从处理技术、污染物去除、运行负荷和出水排放标准等方面，报道和分析了中国城市污水处理厂（WWTP）的现状。截至 2013 年底，中国 31 个省、市已建成 3508 座污水处理厂，总处理能力为 1.48×10(8)m(3)/d。中国东西部人口分布不均，导致经济发展水平差异显著。污水处理厂中应用最广泛的技术是 AAO 和氧化沟，占现有污水处理厂的 50%以上。据统计，在 70 个城市的 656 座污水处理厂中，COD 和 NH3-N 的去除效率较好。整体平均 COD 去除率超过 88%，区域差异较小。NH3-N 的平均去除效率达到 80%。不同污水处理厂的运行负荷差异较大。平均运行负荷率约为 83%，52%的污水处理厂运行负荷<80%，处理的污水量高达 40%。排放标准的执行情况较低。约 28%的污水处理厂达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》（GB 18918-2002）一级 A 排放标准，这些污水处理厂是在 2010 年后建成的。污泥处理和回收利用率仅为 25%，约 15%的污水处理效率低下。约 60%的污水处理厂处理能力为 1×10(4)m(3)/d-5×10(4)m(3)/d。小规模处理需要较高的能耗，再生水利用率较低。讨论了污水处理厂面临的挑战，目的是制定合理的水回用标准和适当的技术。提出了一些潜在的技术和管理措施建议。
