Modestino Edward J, O'Toole Partrick, Reinhofer AnnaMarie
Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine Boston, MA, USA.
Front Hum Neurosci. 2016 Mar 22;10:113. doi: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00113. eCollection 2016.
Recent studies suggest changes in religious cognition in a subgroup of patients with Parkinson's disease (PD e.g., Butler et al., 2011). It is unclear whether this deficit extends to both doctrinal and experiential categorization forms of religious cognition. Kapogiannis et al. (2009b) dissociated experiential and doctrinal religious knowledge to different neural networks using fMRI. We examined Kapogiannis' dissociation against the background of PD side of onset (LOPD, ROPD), assessing performance both On- and Off-medication. In the behavioral portion of the study, we used a statement classification task in combination with scholar derived test sets for experiential and doctrinal religious knowledge categorization in conjunction with neuropsychological measures. In the neuroimaging portion of the study, we expanded on Kapogiannis' study by examining the same networks in PD. The behavioral data revealed that all groups rated (categorized) the scholar derived tests of experiential and doctrinal significantly differently than the scholars. All groups, including the scholars, classified more phrases as doctrinal than experiential. Religious cognition differed in the PD groups: those with PD Off-medication and LOPD Off-medication comprehended scholar defined experiential phrases with more difficulty, making them more likely to be classified as mixed or doctrinal. This was in contrast to the subjective frequency of classification of phrases as experiential paired with a cognitive decline in PD Off-medication; whereas PD On-medication showed a positive correlation with cognitive state and subjective doctrinal classification. For ROPD, cognitive state was associated with subjective experiential and doctrinal frequency of classification. With more intact intellect, there was a greater likelihood of classifying phrases subjectively as mixed, and the converse for experiential. Furthermore, religiosity negatively predicted subjective doctrinal frequency in LOPD, with the converse in ROPD. In fcMRI in PD, we found resting state functional intrinsic connectivity of reward networks associated with classification of statements using seeds in bilateral nucleus accumbens in PD. For experiential regressors, there was a negative correlation in bilateral frontal lobes paired with a positive correlation in left occipital visual areas (BAs 17, 18). For doctrinal regressors, there was a positive correlation in right BA 20.
近期研究表明，帕金森病（PD）患者亚组的宗教认知存在变化（例如，Butler等人，2011年）。目前尚不清楚这种缺陷是否扩展到宗教认知的教义和体验分类形式。Kapogiannis等人（2009b）使用功能磁共振成像（fMRI）将体验性和教义性宗教知识与不同的神经网络区分开来。我们在帕金森病发病部位（左侧帕金森病，右侧帕金森病）的背景下研究了Kapogiannis的区分，评估了服药和未服药时的表现。在研究的行为部分，我们使用陈述分类任务，并结合学者衍生的测试集，对体验性和教义性宗教知识进行分类，并结合神经心理学测量。在研究的神经成像部分，我们通过在帕金森病患者中检查相同的神经网络，对Kapogiannis的研究进行了扩展。行为数据显示，所有组对学者衍生的体验性和教义性测试的评分（分类）与学者有显著差异。所有组，包括学者，将更多的短语分类为教义性而非体验性。帕金森病组的宗教认知存在差异：未服药的帕金森病患者和未服药的左侧帕金森病患者理解学者定义的体验性短语有更大困难，这使得它们更有可能被分类为混合或教义性。这与将短语分类为体验性时的主观频率以及未服药的帕金森病患者的认知下降形成对比；而服药的帕金森病患者与认知状态和主观教义分类呈正相关。对于右侧帕金森病，认知状态与主观体验性和教义性分类频率相关。智力越完整，主观上将短语分类为混合的可能性就越大，而体验性分类则相反。此外，宗教信仰在左侧帕金森病中对主观教义频率有负向预测作用，而在右侧帕金森病中则相反。在帕金森病患者的功能连接性磁共振成像（fcMRI）中，我们发现奖励网络的静息态功能内在连接性与使用双侧伏隔核中的种子对陈述进行分类有关。对于体验性回归变量，双侧额叶存在负相关，左侧枕叶视觉区域（BA 17、18）存在正相关。对于教义性回归变量，右侧BA 20存在正相关。
