Ying Yuan, Padanilam Babu J
Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, 985850 University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198-5850, USA.
Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
Cell Mol Life Sci. 2016 Jun;73(11-12):2309-24. doi: 10.1007/s00018-016-2202-5. Epub 2016 Apr 5.
In contrast to apoptosis and autophagy, necrotic cell death was considered to be a random, passive cell death without definable mediators. However, this dogma has been challenged by recent developments suggesting that necrotic cell death can also be a regulated process. Regulated necrosis includes multiple cell death modalities such as necroptosis, parthanatos, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, and mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP)-mediated necrosis. Several distinctive executive molecules, particularly residing on the mitochondrial inner and outer membrane, amalgamating to form the MPTP have been defined. The c-subunit of the F1F0ATP synthase on the inner membrane and Bax/Bak on the outer membrane are considered to be the long sought components that form the MPTP. Opening of the MPTP results in loss of mitochondrial inner membrane potential, disruption of ATP production, increased ROS production, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction and consequent necrosis. Cyclophilin D, along with adenine nucleotide translocator and the phosphate carrier are considered to be important regulators involved in the opening of MPTP. Increased production of ROS can further trigger other necrotic pathways mediated through molecules such as PARP1, leading to irreversible cell damage. This review examines the roles of PARP1 and cyclophilin D in necrotic cell death. The hierarchical role of p53 in regulation and integration of key components of signaling pathway to elicit MPTP-mediated necrosis and ferroptosis is explored. In the context of recent insights, the indistinct role of necroptosis signaling in tubular necrosis after ischemic kidney injury is scrutinized. We conclude by discussing the participation of p53, PARP1 and cyclophilin D and their overlapping pathways to elicit MPTP-mediated necrosis and ferroptosis in acute kidney injury.
与细胞凋亡和自噬不同,坏死性细胞死亡曾被认为是一种随机的、被动的细胞死亡,没有明确的介质。然而,这一教条已受到最近研究进展的挑战,这些进展表明坏死性细胞死亡也可能是一个受调控的过程。受调控的坏死包括多种细胞死亡方式,如坏死性凋亡、PARP1依赖性坏死、铁死亡、焦亡以及线粒体通透性转换孔(MPTP)介导的坏死。已经确定了几种独特的执行分子,特别是位于线粒体内膜和外膜上,融合形成MPTP的分子。内膜上的F1F0ATP合酶的c亚基和外膜上的Bax/Bak被认为是长期以来寻找的形成MPTP的成分。MPTP的开放导致线粒体内膜电位丧失、ATP生成中断、活性氧生成增加、细胞器肿胀、线粒体功能障碍以及随之而来的坏死。亲环素D与腺嘌呤核苷酸转位酶和磷酸载体一起被认为是参与MPTP开放的重要调节因子。活性氧生成的增加可进一步触发由PARP1等分子介导的其他坏死途径,导致不可逆的细胞损伤。本综述探讨了PARP1和亲环素D在坏死性细胞死亡中的作用。探讨了p53在调控和整合信号通路关键成分以引发MPTP介导的坏死和铁死亡中的层级作用。在最近的研究背景下,审视了坏死性凋亡信号在缺血性肾损伤后肾小管坏死中的不明确作用。我们通过讨论p53、PARP1和亲环素D的参与及其重叠途径来引发急性肾损伤中MPTP介导的坏死和铁死亡来结束本文。
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