1Dairy Science Group,School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Science,The University of Sydney,Camden,NSW 2570,Australia.
2Tasmanian Institute of Agriculture Dairy Centre,University of Tasmania,Burnie 7320,Tasmania.
Animal. 2016 Sep;10(9):1484-92. doi: 10.1017/S1751731116000495. Epub 2016 Apr 7.
Automatic milking systems (AMS), one of the earliest precision livestock farming developments, have revolutionized dairy farming around the world. While robots control the milking process, there have also been numerous changes to how the whole farm system is managed. Milking is no longer performed in defined sessions; rather, the cow can now choose when to be milked in AMS, allowing milking to be distributed throughout a 24 h period. Despite this ability, there has been little attention given to milking robot utilization across 24 h. In order to formulate relevant research questions and improve farm AMS management there is a need to determine the current knowledge gaps regarding the distribution of robot utilization. Feed, animal and management factors and their interplay on levels of milking robot utilization across 24 h for both indoor and pasture-based systems are here reviewed. The impact of the timing, type and quantity of feed offered and their interaction with the distance of feed from the parlour; herd social dynamics, climate and various other management factors on robot utilization through 24 h are provided. This novel review draws together both the opportunities and challenges that exist for farm management to use these factors to improved system efficiency and those that exist for further research.
自动挤奶系统（AMS）是最早的精准畜牧养殖发展之一，已经彻底改变了全球的奶牛养殖方式。虽然机器人控制了挤奶过程，但整个农场系统的管理方式也发生了许多变化。挤奶不再在规定的时间段进行；相反，奶牛现在可以在 AMS 中选择何时被挤奶，从而使挤奶可以在 24 小时内分布进行。尽管有这种能力，但对于 24 小时内的挤奶机器人利用情况，关注甚少。为了制定相关的研究问题并改进农场 AMS 管理，有必要确定关于机器人利用分布的当前知识差距。在这里，回顾了室内和牧场系统中，饲料、动物和管理因素及其相互作用对 24 小时内挤奶机器人利用水平的影响。提供了饲料提供的时间、类型和数量以及它们与挤奶厅距离的相互作用、畜群社会动态、气候和各种其他管理因素对 24 小时内机器人利用的影响。本综述汇集了农场管理在利用这些因素来提高系统效率方面的机遇和挑战，以及在进一步研究方面的机遇和挑战。
