Wang Bo, Ren Yanju
a Department of Psychology, School of Social Development , Central University of Finance and Economics , Beijing , China.
b Department of Psychology , Shandong Normal University , Jinan , China.
Q J Exp Psychol (Hove). 2017 Jul;70(7):1236-1253. doi: 10.1080/17470218.2016.1178311. Epub 2016 May 4.
Although prior studies have examined the effect of post-encoding emotional arousal on recognition memory for words, it is unknown whether the enhancement effect observed on words generalizes to pictures. Furthermore, prior studies using words have showed that the effect of emotional arousal can be modulated by stimuli valence and delay in emotion induction, but it is unclear whether such modulation can extend to pictures and whether other factors such as encoding method (incidental vs. intentional encoding) can be modulatory. Five experiments were conducted to answer these questions. In Experiment 1, participants encoded a list of neutral and negative pictures and then watched a 3-min neutral or negative video. The delayed test showed that negative arousal impaired recollection regardless of picture valence but had no effect on familiarity. Experiment 2 replicated the above findings. Experiment 3 was similar to Experiment 1 except that participants watched a 3-min neutral, negative, or positive video and conducted free recall before the recognition test. Unlike the prior two experiments, the impairment effect of negative arousal disappeared. Experiment 4, where the free recall task was eliminated, replicated the results from Experiment 3. Experiment 5 replicated Experiments 1 and 2 and further showed that the impairment effects of negative arousal could be modulated by delay in emotion induction but not by encoding method or stimuli valence. Taken together, the current study suggests that the enhancement effect observed on words may not generalize to pictures.
尽管先前的研究已经考察了编码后情绪唤醒对单词识别记忆的影响，但尚不清楚在单词上观察到的增强效应是否适用于图片。此外，先前使用单词的研究表明，情绪唤醒的效果可以受到刺激效价和情绪诱导延迟的调节，但尚不清楚这种调节是否能扩展到图片，以及其他因素（如编码方式： incidental vs. intentional encoding）是否具有调节作用。我们进行了五项实验来回答这些问题。在实验1中，参与者对一系列中性和负面图片进行编码，然后观看一段3分钟的中性或负面视频。延迟测试表明，负面唤醒会损害回忆，无论图片效价如何，但对熟悉度没有影响。实验2重复了上述发现。实验3与实验1类似，不同之处在于参与者观看一段3分钟的中性、负面或正面视频，并在识别测试前进行自由回忆。与前两个实验不同，负面唤醒的损害效应消失了。在实验4中，取消了自由回忆任务，重复了实验3的结果。实验5重复了实验1和2，并进一步表明，负面唤醒的损害效应可以受到情绪诱导延迟的调节，但不受编码方式或刺激效价的调节。综上所述，当前研究表明，在单词上观察到的增强效应可能不适用于图片。
