Salihu Lejla, Rüst Christoph Alexander, Rosemann Thomas, Knechtle Beat
Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
Chin J Physiol. 2016 Apr 30;59(2):87-99. doi: 10.4077/CJP.2016.BAE373.
Recent studies reported that the sex difference in performance in ultra-endurance sports such as swimming and cycling changed over the years. However, the aspect of drafting in draft-legal ultra-endurance races has not yet been investigated. This study investigates the sex difference in ultra-swimming and ultra-cycling draft-legal races where drafting - swimming or cycling behind other participants to save energy and have more power at the end of the race to overtake them, is allowed. The change in performance of the annual best and the annual three best in an ultra-endurance swimming race (16-km 'Faros Swim Marathon') over 38 years and in a 24-h ultra-cycling race ('World Cycling Race') over 13 years were compared and analysed with respect to sex difference. Furthermore, performances of the fastest female and male finishers ever were compared. In the swimming event, the sex difference of the annual best male and female decreased non-significantly (P = 0.262) from 5.3% (1976) to 1.0% (2013). The sex gap of speed in the annual three fastest swimmers decreased significantly (P = 0.043) from 5.9 ± 1.6% (1979) to 4.7 ± 3.1% (2013). In the cycling event, the difference in cycling speed between the annual best male and female decreased significantly (P = 0.026) from 33.31% (1999) to 10.89% (2011). The sex gap of speed in the annual three fastest decreased significantly (P = 0.001) from 32.9 ± 0.6% (1999) to 16.4 ± 5.9% (2011). The fastest male swimmer ever (swimming speed 5.3 km/h, race time: 03:01:55 h:min:s) was 1.5% faster than the fastest female swimmer (swimming speed 5.2 km/h, race time: 03:04:09 h:min:s). The three fastest male swimmers ever (mean 5.27 ± 0.13 km/h) were 4.4% faster than the three fastest female swimmers (mean 5.05 ± 0.20 km/h) (P < 0.05). In the cycling event, the best male ever (cycling speed 45.8 km/h) was 26.4% faster than the best female (cycling speed 36.1 km/h). The three fastest male cyclists ever (45.9 km/h) (mean 45.85 ± 0.05 km/h) were 32.1% faster (P < 0.05) than the three fastest female cyclists ever (34.7 km/h) (mean 34.70 ± 1.87 km/h). In summary, in draft-legal ultra-distance events such as swimming and cycling, the sex difference in the annual top and annual top three swimmers and cyclists decreased (i.e. non-linearly in swimmers and linearly in cyclists) over the years. The sex difference of the fastest athletes ever was smaller in swimming (1.5%) than in cycling (26.4%). This finding is different from reports about races where drafting was not possible or even prohibited and where the sex difference remained stable over years.
最近的研究报告称，游泳和骑自行车等超长耐力运动中的表现性别差异多年来有所变化。然而，在允许借风骑行的超长耐力比赛中，借风骑行这一方面尚未得到研究。本研究调查了超长距离游泳和超长距离自行车借风骑行比赛中的性别差异，借风骑行是指跟在其他参赛者后面游泳或骑车以节省体力，并在比赛结束时拥有更多体力超越他们。比较并分析了38年期间一场超长耐力游泳比赛（16公里“法罗斯游泳马拉松”）和13年期间一场24小时超长距离自行车比赛（“世界自行车赛”）中年度最佳成绩和年度前三名成绩在性别差异方面的变化。此外，还比较了有史以来最快的男女完赛者的成绩。在游泳项目中，年度最佳男女成绩的性别差异从5.3%（1976年）降至1.0%（2013年），下降不显著（P = 0.262）。年度最快的三名游泳者的速度性别差距从5.9±1.6%（1979年）显著降至4.7±3.1%（2013年）（P = 0.043）。在自行车项目中，年度最佳男女的骑行速度差异从33.31%（1999年）显著降至10.89%（2011年）（P = 0.026）。年度最快的三名车手的速度性别差距从32.9±0.6%（1999年）显著降至16.4±5.9%（2011年）（P = 0.001）。有史以来最快的男性游泳者（游泳速度5.3公里/小时，比赛时间：03:01:55小时:分钟:秒）比最快的女性游泳者（游泳速度5.2公里/小时，比赛时间：03:04:09小时:分钟:秒）快1.5%。有史以来最快的三名男性游泳者（平均5.27±0.13公里/小时）比最快的三名女性游泳者（平均5.05±0.20公里/小时）快4.4%（P < 0.05）。在自行车项目中，有史以来最佳男性（骑行速度45.8公里/小时）比最佳女性（骑行速度36.1公里/小时）快26.4%。有史以来最快的三名男性自行车手（45.9公里/小时）（平均45.85±0.05公里/小时）比有史以来最快的三名女性自行车手（34.7公里/小时）（平均34.70±1.87公里/小时）快32.1%（P < 0.05）。总之，在游泳和自行车等允许借风骑行的超长距离项目中，多年来年度最佳和年度前三名游泳者及自行车手的性别差异有所减小（即游泳者中呈非线性，自行车手中呈线性）。有史以来最快的运动员的性别差异在游泳中（1.5%）比在自行车中（26.4%）小。这一发现与关于不允许或甚至禁止借风骑行且性别差异多年保持稳定的比赛的报道不同。
