Vakalis S, Sotiropoulos A, Moustakas K, Malamis D, Vekkos K, Baratieri M
Free University of Bolzano, Faculty of Science and Technology, Piazza Università 5, 39100 Bolzano, Italy.
National Technical University of Athens, School of Chemical Engineering, Unit of Environmental Science & Technology, 9 Iroon Polytechniou Str., Zographou Campus, GR-15780 Athens, Greece.
J Environ Manage. 2017 Dec 1;203(Pt 2):648-654. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2016.04.017. Epub 2016 Apr 16.
Valorization of municipal solid waste (MSW), by means of energy and material recovery, is considered to be a crucial step for sustainable waste management. A significant fraction of MSW is comprised from food waste, the treatment of which is still a challenge. Therefore, the conventional disposal of food waste in landfills is being gradually replaced by recycling aerobic treatment, anaerobic digestion and waste-to-energy. In principle, thermal processes like combustion and gasification are preferred for the recovery of energy due to the higher electrical efficiency and the significantly less time required for the process to be completed when compared to biological process, i.e. composting, anaerobic digestion and transesterification. Nonetheless, the high water content and the molecular structure of biowaste are constraining factors in regard to the application of thermal conversion pathways. Investigating alternative solutions for the pre-treatment and more energy efficient handling of this waste fraction may provide pathways for the optimization of the whole process. In this study, by means of utilizing drying/milling as an intermediate step, thermal treatment of household biowaste has become possible. Household biowaste has been thermally processed in a bench scale reactor by means of torrefaction, carbonization and high temperature pyrolysis. According to the operational conditions, fluctuating fractions of biochar, bio-oil (tar) and syngas were recovered. The thermochemical properties of the feedstock and products were analyzed by means of Simultaneous Thermal Analysis (STA), Ultimate and Proximate analysis and Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR). The analysis of the products shows that torrefaction of dried household biowaste produces an energy dense fuel and high temperature pyrolysis produces a graphite-like material with relatively high yield.
通过能量和物质回收对城市固体废物（MSW）进行增值利用，被认为是可持续废物管理的关键一步。城市固体废物中有很大一部分是食物垃圾，其处理仍然是一个挑战。因此，传统的将食物垃圾填埋处理正逐渐被回收有氧处理、厌氧消化和废物转化为能源所取代。原则上，与生物过程（即堆肥、厌氧消化和酯交换反应）相比，燃烧和气化等热过程由于具有更高的电效率和更短的过程完成时间，更适合用于能源回收。尽管如此，生物废物的高含水量和分子结构是热转化途径应用的限制因素。研究这种废物组分的预处理和更节能处理的替代解决方案可能为优化整个过程提供途径。在本研究中，通过将干燥/研磨作为中间步骤，实现了对家庭生物废物的热处理。家庭生物废物在实验室规模的反应器中通过烘焙、碳化和高温热解进行了热处理。根据操作条件，回收了不同比例的生物炭、生物油（焦油）和合成气。通过同步热分析（STA）、元素分析和衰减全反射（ATR）对原料和产物的热化学性质进行了分析。产物分析表明，干燥后的家庭生物废物烘焙产生了一种能量密集型燃料，高温热解产生了一种产量相对较高的类石墨材料。
