Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, One Lomb Memorial Dr., Rochester, NY 14623.
Thomas H. Gosnell School of Life Sciences, Rochester Institute of Technology, One Lomb Memorial Dr., Rochester, NY 14623,
Front Biosci (Landmark Ed). 2016 Jun 1;21(5):973-85. doi: 10.2741/4434.
A mammalian brain contains numerous types of cells. Advances in neuroscience in the past decade allow us to identify and isolate neural cells of interest from mammalian brains. Recent developments in high-throughput technologies, such as microarrays and next-generation sequencing (NGS), provide detailed information on gene expression in pooled cells on a genomic scale. As a result, many novel genes have been found critical in cell type-specific transcriptional regulation. These differentially expressed genes can be used as molecular signatures, unique to a particular class of neural cells. Use of this gene expression-based approach can further differentiate neural cell types into subtypes, potentially linking some of them with neurological diseases. In this article, experimental techniques used to purify neural cells are described, followed by a review on recent microarray- or NGS-based transcriptomic studies of common neural cell types. The future prospects of cell type-specific research are also discussed.
哺乳动物的大脑包含多种类型的细胞。过去十年神经科学的进步使我们能够从哺乳动物大脑中识别和分离出感兴趣的神经细胞。高通量技术（如微阵列和下一代测序（NGS））的最新发展提供了关于在基因组范围内混合细胞中基因表达的详细信息。结果，许多新的基因被发现对细胞类型特异性转录调控至关重要。这些差异表达的基因可用作分子特征，是特定类别的神经细胞所特有的。使用这种基于基因表达的方法可以进一步将神经细胞类型细分为亚型，可能将其中一些与神经疾病联系起来。本文描述了用于纯化神经细胞的实验技术，并对常见神经细胞类型的基于微阵列或 NGS 的转录组学研究进行了综述。还讨论了细胞类型特异性研究的未来前景。
