Lamberti Nicola, Malagoni Anna M, Felisatti Michele, Caracciolo Stefano, Resch Nicole, Litmanen Hannu, Dalfollo Donatella, Jeannier Pierre, Zhukovskaja Larisa, Carrabre James E, Manfredini Fabio
Section of Sport Sciences, Department of Biomedical and Specialty Surgical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Unit of Translational Surgery, University Hospital of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy -
J Sports Med Phys Fitness. 2017 May;57(5):610-623. doi: 10.23736/S0022-4707.16.06259-9. Epub 2016 May 3.
The attitude of athletes towards antidoping interventions was surveyed among biathletes by a properly developed questionnaire.
Topics and items were identified by a multidisciplinary team. A demographics and an awareness sections exploring respondents' characteristics and knowledge of the antidoping rules were added. The anonymous, self-administered tool was distributed to athletes during two international events. Two hundred forty-four biathletes participated in the survey. The structure of the questionnaire, determined by factor analysis, included three domains: safety (items N.=12) acceptance (N.=11), and satisfaction (N.=13) exploring respectively the perceived protection from cheating, the acceptance of the limitations on daily activities imposed by the antidoping interventions and the satisfaction with antidoping rules and actions. The domain scores and a general antidoping attitude score were calculated.
The questionnaire, which displayed construct validity (r=0.500, P<0.001), good internal consistency (α=0.82) and significant acceptable test-retest reliability (k=0.59), revealed a good antidoping attitude (general score: 64.9/100±8.8) and in relation to each domain a satisfaction of athletes with antidoping interventions (65.3±13.6), good acceptance of the related restrictions (70.1±10.9), and concerns about safety (59.5±11.9), which was the lowest scoring domain (P<0.001). The degree of awareness, differently from age and gender, influenced the antidoping attitude score.
The new questionnaire revealed a positive mood of biathletes towards antidoping interventions, pointed out their necessity of protection from cheating and highlighted the positive influence of awareness of the rules on antidoping attitude. The questionnaire is not sport-specific, which allows any international federation to evaluate the impact of antidoping strategies on athletes.
通过一份精心设计的问卷，对冬季两项运动员对待反兴奋剂干预措施的态度进行了调查。
由一个多学科团队确定主题和项目。增加了一个人口统计学部分以及一个了解受访者特征和反兴奋剂规则知识的认知部分。在两项国际赛事期间，将这份匿名的自行填写式工具分发给运动员。244名冬季两项运动员参与了调查。通过因子分析确定的问卷结构包括三个领域：安全性（项目数=12）、接受度（项目数=11）和满意度（项目数=13），分别探讨了对防止作弊的感知保护、对反兴奋剂干预措施所带来的日常活动限制的接受程度以及对反兴奋剂规则和行动的满意度。计算了各领域得分以及总体反兴奋剂态度得分。
该问卷显示出结构效度（r=0.500，P<0.001）、良好的内部一致性（α=0.82）以及显著可接受的重测信度（k=0.59），显示出良好的反兴奋剂态度（总体得分：64.9/100±8.8），并且在每个领域中，运动员对反兴奋剂干预措施的满意度为（65.3±13.6），对相关限制的接受度良好（70.1±10.9），对安全性的担忧为（59.5±11.9），这是得分最低的领域（P<0.001）。与年龄和性别不同，认知程度影响了反兴奋剂态度得分。
这份新问卷显示出冬季两项运动员对反兴奋剂干预措施持积极态度，指出了他们防止作弊的保护需求，并强调了规则认知对反兴奋剂态度的积极影响。该问卷并非特定于某一项运动，这使得任何国际联合会都能够评估反兴奋剂策略对运动员的影响。
