Yao Nina Y, O'Donnell Mike E
a DNA Replication Laboratory, The Rockefeller University , New York , NY , USA and.
b Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University , New York , NY , USA.
Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol. 2016 May-Jun;51(3):135-49. doi: 10.3109/10409238.2015.1125845. Epub 2015 Dec 20.
The machines that decode and regulate genetic information require the translation, transcription and replication pathways essential to all living cells. Thus, it might be expected that all cells share the same basic machinery for these pathways that were inherited from the primordial ancestor cell from which they evolved. A clear example of this is found in the translation machinery that converts RNA sequence to protein. The translation process requires numerous structural and catalytic RNAs and proteins, the central factors of which are homologous in all three domains of life, bacteria, archaea and eukarya. Likewise, the central actor in transcription, RNA polymerase, shows homology among the catalytic subunits in bacteria, archaea and eukarya. In contrast, while some "gears" of the genome replication machinery are homologous in all domains of life, most components of the replication machine appear to be unrelated between bacteria and those of archaea and eukarya. This review will compare and contrast the central proteins of the "replisome" machines that duplicate DNA in bacteria, archaea and eukarya, with an eye to understanding the issues surrounding the evolution of the DNA replication apparatus.
解码和调控遗传信息的机器需要所有活细胞所必需的翻译、转录和复制途径。因此，可以预期所有细胞都共享这些途径的相同基本机制，这些机制是从它们进化而来的原始祖先细胞继承而来的。一个明显的例子是将RNA序列转化为蛋白质的翻译机制。翻译过程需要众多结构和催化RNA及蛋白质，其中核心因子在生命的三个域，即细菌、古菌和真核生物中是同源的。同样，转录的核心角色RNA聚合酶在细菌、古菌和真核生物的催化亚基之间也显示出同源性。相比之下，虽然基因组复制机制的一些“齿轮”在生命的所有域中是同源的，但复制机器的大多数组件在细菌与古菌和真核生物之间似乎没有关联。本综述将比较和对比在细菌、古菌和真核生物中复制DNA的“复制体”机器的核心蛋白质，旨在了解围绕DNA复制装置进化的问题。
