Huibregtse Brooke M, Corley Robin P, Wadsworth Sally J, Vandever Joanna M, DeFries John C, Stallings Michael C
Institute for Behavioral Genetics,University of Colorado Boulder,Boulder,Colorado,USA.
Twin Res Hum Genet. 2016 Aug;19(4):330-40. doi: 10.1017/thg.2016.35. Epub 2016 May 10.
Although cross-sectional twin studies have assessed the genetic and environmental etiologies of substance use during adolescence and early adulthood, comparisons of results across different samples, measures, and cohorts are problematic. While several longitudinal twin studies have investigated these issues, few corroborating adoption studies have been conducted. The current study is the first to estimate the magnitude of genetic, shared environmental, and non-shared environmental influences on substance use (cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana) from ages 14 to 18 years, using a prospective longitudinal adoption design. Adoptive and control sibling correlations provided substantial evidence for early genetic effects on cigarette, alcohol, and marijuana use/no use. Shared environmental effects were relatively modest, except for alcohol use, which showed increases in late adolescence (age 17 to 18 years). Sibling similarity for quantity/frequency of use also support additive genetic influences across adolescence, with some shared environmental influences for all three substances. To test the stability of these influences across time, a series of independent pathway models were run to explore common and age-specific influences. For all substances, there were minimal age-specific additive genetic and shared environmental influences on quantity/frequency of use. Further, there was a trend toward increasing genetic influences on cigarette and alcohol use across ages. Genetic influences on marijuana were important early, but did not contribute substantially at age 17 and 18 years. Overall, the findings indicate that genetic influences make important contributions to the frequency/quantity of substance use in adolescence, and suggest that new genetic influences may emerge in late adolescence for cigarette and alcohol use.
尽管横断面双胞胎研究评估了青春期和成年早期物质使用的遗传和环境病因，但不同样本、测量方法和队列的结果比较存在问题。虽然有几项纵向双胞胎研究调查了这些问题，但进行的证实性收养研究很少。本研究首次采用前瞻性纵向收养设计，估计了14至18岁期间遗传、共同环境和非共同环境对物质使用（香烟、酒精和大麻）影响的程度。收养兄弟姐妹和对照兄弟姐妹的相关性为早期遗传对香烟、酒精和大麻使用/不使用的影响提供了大量证据。除了酒精使用在青春期后期（17至18岁）有所增加外，共同环境影响相对较小。使用数量/频率的兄弟姐妹相似性也支持整个青春期的加性遗传影响，对所有三种物质都有一些共同环境影响。为了测试这些影响随时间的稳定性，运行了一系列独立路径模型来探索共同和特定年龄的影响。对于所有物质，使用数量/频率的特定年龄加性遗传和共同环境影响最小。此外，随着年龄增长，对香烟和酒精使用的遗传影响有增加的趋势。对大麻的遗传影响在早期很重要，但在17岁和18岁时贡献不大。总体而言，研究结果表明遗传影响对青春期物质使用的频率/数量有重要贡献，并表明在青春期后期可能会出现对香烟和酒精使用的新遗传影响。
