Hoffmann-Hensel Sonja Maria, Freiherr Jessica
Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany
Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, RWTH Aachen University, Pauwelsstraße 30, 52074 Aachen, Germany Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauserstr. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany.
Chem Senses. 2016 Sep;41(7):567-78. doi: 10.1093/chemse/bjw060. Epub 2016 May 11.
Priming describes the principle of modified stimulus perception that occurs due to a previously presented stimulus. Although we have begun to understand the mechanisms of crossmodal priming, the concept of intramodal olfactory priming remains relatively unexplored. Therefore, we applied positive and negative odors using respiration-triggered olfactory stimulation (RETROS), enabling us to record the skin conductance response (SCR) and breathing data without a crossmodal cueing error and measure reaction times (RTs) for olfactory tasks. RT, SCR, and breathing data revealed that negative odors were perceived significantly more arousing than positive ones. In a second experiment, 2 odors were applied during consecutive respirations. Here, we observed intramodal olfactory priming effects: A negative odor preceded by a positive odor was rated as more pleasant than when the same odor was preceded by a negative odor. Additionally, a longer identification RT was found for the second compared with the first odor. We interpret this as increased "perceptual load" due to incomplete first odor processing while the second odor was presented. Furthermore, intramodal priming can be considered a possible reason for the increase of identification RT. The use of RETROS led to these novel insights into olfactory processing beyond crossmodal interaction by providing a noncued unimodal olfactory test, and therefore, RETROS can be used in the experimental design of future olfactory studies.
启动效应描述了由于先前呈现的刺激而发生的改变的刺激感知原理。尽管我们已经开始理解跨模态启动效应的机制，但模态内嗅觉启动效应的概念仍相对未被探索。因此，我们使用呼吸触发嗅觉刺激（RETROS）施加正向和负向气味，使我们能够记录皮肤电导率反应（SCR）和呼吸数据，而不会出现跨模态提示误差，并测量嗅觉任务的反应时间（RTs）。反应时间、皮肤电导率反应和呼吸数据显示，负向气味比正向气味更能引起明显的唤醒反应。在第二个实验中，在连续呼吸过程中施加两种气味。在这里，我们观察到了模态内嗅觉启动效应：正向气味之前出现的负向气味比负向气味之前出现相同气味时被评为更愉悦。此外，与第一种气味相比，第二种气味的识别反应时间更长。我们将此解释为在呈现第二种气味时，由于第一种气味处理不完全而增加的“感知负荷”。此外，模态内启动效应可被视为识别反应时间增加的一个可能原因。RETROS的使用通过提供一种无提示的单模态嗅觉测试，带来了这些超出跨模态相互作用的关于嗅觉处理的新见解，因此，RETROS可用于未来嗅觉研究的实验设计。
