Burgess Alice, David Rakesh, Searle Iain Robert
School of Biological Sciences, The University of Adelaide, South Australia,, 5005, Australia.
School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, The Waite Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, South Australia,, 5005, Australia.
J Integr Plant Biol. 2016 Oct;58(10):822-835. doi: 10.1111/jipb.12483. Epub 2016 Jun 20.
The advent of high-throughput sequencing technologies coupled with new detection methods of RNA modifications has enabled investigation of a new layer of gene regulation - the epitranscriptome. With over 100 known RNA modifications, understanding the repertoire of RNA modifications is a huge undertaking. This review summarizes what is known about RNA modifications with an emphasis on discoveries in plants. RNA ribose modifications, base methylations and pseudouridylation are required for normal development in Arabidopsis, as mutations in the enzymes modifying them have diverse effects on plant development and stress responses. These modifications can regulate RNA structure, turnover and translation. Transfer RNA and ribosomal RNA modifications have been mapped extensively and their functions investigated in many organisms, including plants. Recent work exploring the locations, functions and targeting of N -methyladenosine (m A), 5-methylcytosine (m C), pseudouridine (Ψ), and additional modifications in mRNAs and ncRNAs are highlighted, as well as those previously known on tRNAs and rRNAs. Many questions remain as to the exact mechanisms of targeting and functions of specific modified sites and whether these modifications have distinct functions in the different classes of RNAs.
高通量测序技术的出现以及RNA修饰新检测方法的出现，使得对基因调控新层面——表观转录组的研究成为可能。已知的RNA修饰有100多种，了解RNA修饰的全部内容是一项艰巨的任务。本综述总结了关于RNA修饰的已知信息，重点是植物中的发现。RNA核糖修饰、碱基甲基化和假尿苷化是拟南芥正常发育所必需的，因为修饰它们的酶发生突变会对植物发育和应激反应产生多种影响。这些修饰可以调节RNA的结构、周转和翻译。转运RNA和核糖体RNA修饰已被广泛定位，并在包括植物在内的许多生物体中研究了它们的功能。本文重点介绍了探索信使核糖核酸（mRNA）和非编码核糖核酸（ncRNA）中N-甲基腺苷（m⁶A）、5-甲基胞嘧啶（m⁵C）、假尿苷（Ψ）及其他修饰的位置、功能和靶向作用的最新研究工作，以及此前已知的转运核糖核酸（tRNA）和核糖体核糖核酸（rRNA）修饰。关于特定修饰位点的靶向作用和功能的确切机制，以及这些修饰在不同类别的核糖核酸中是否具有不同功能，仍有许多问题有待解答。
