Lonsdorf Elizabeth V, Gillespie Thomas R, Wolf Tiffany M, Lipende Iddi, Raphael Jane, Bakuza Jared, Murray Carson M, Wilson Michael L, Kamenya Shadrack, Mjungu Deus, Collins D Anthony, Gilby Ian C, Stanton Margaret A, Terio Karen A, Barbian Hannah J, Li Yingying, Ramirez Miguel, Krupnick Alexander, Seidl Emily, Goodall Jane, Hahn Beatrice H, Pusey Anne E, Travis Dominic A
Department of Psychology, Franklin and Marshall College, Lancaster, Pennsylvania.
Department of Environmental Sciences and Program in Population Biology, Ecology and Evolution, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
Am J Primatol. 2018 Jan;80(1). doi: 10.1002/ajp.22562. Epub 2016 May 16.
Disease and other health hazards pose serious threats to the persistence of wild ape populations. The total chimpanzee population at Gombe National Park, Tanzania, has declined from an estimated 120 to 150 individuals in the 1960's to around 100 individuals by the end of 2013, with death associated with observable signs of disease as the leading cause of mortality. In 2004, we began a non-invasive health-monitoring program in the two habituated communities in the park (Kasekela and Mitumba) with the aim of understanding the prevalence of health issues in the population, and identifying the presence and impacts of various pathogens. Here we present prospectively collected data on clinical signs (observable changes in health) in the chimpanzees of the Kasekela (n = 81) and Mitumba (n = 32) communities over an 8-year period (2005-2012). First, we take a population approach and analyze prevalence of clinical signs in five different categories: gastrointestinal system (diarrhea), body condition (estimated weight loss), respiratory system (coughing, sneezing etc.), wounds/lameness, and dermatologic issues by year, month, and community membership. Mean monthly prevalence of each clinical sign per community varied, but typically affected <10% of observed individuals. Secondly, we analyze the presence of clinical signs in these categories as they relate to individual demographic and social factors (age, sex, and dominance rank) and simian immunodeficiency virus (SIVcpz) infection status. Adults have higher odds of being observed with diarrhea, loss of body condition, and wounds or lameness when compared to immatures, while males have a higher probability of being observed with wounds or lameness than females. In contrast, signs of respiratory illness appear not to be related to chimpanzee-specific factors and skin abnormalities are very rare. For a subset of known-rank individuals, dominance rank predicts the probability of wounding/lameness in adult males, but does not predict any adverse clinical signs in adult females. Instead, adult females with SIVcpz infection are more likely to be observed with diarrhea, a finding that warrants further investigation. Comparable data are needed from other sites to determine whether the prevalence of clinical signs we observe are relatively high or low, as well as to more fully understand the factors influencing health of wild apes at both the population and individual level. Am. J. Primatol. 80:e22562, 2018. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
疾病和其他健康危害对野生猿类种群的存续构成了严重威胁。坦桑尼亚贡贝国家公园的黑猩猩总数已从20世纪60年代估计的120至150只下降到2013年底的约100只，与可观察到的疾病迹象相关的死亡是主要死因。2004年，我们在公园内两个习惯化群落（卡塞凯拉和米通巴）启动了一项非侵入性健康监测项目，目的是了解该种群中健康问题的流行情况，并确定各种病原体的存在及其影响。在此，我们展示了在8年期间（2005 - 2012年）前瞻性收集的关于卡塞凯拉群落（n = 81）和米通巴群落（n = 32）黑猩猩临床体征（健康方面可观察到的变化）的数据。首先，我们采用种群层面的方法，按年份、月份和群落成员身份分析五个不同类别临床体征的流行情况：胃肠道系统（腹泻）、身体状况（估计体重减轻）、呼吸系统（咳嗽、打喷嚏等）、伤口/跛行以及皮肤问题。每个群落中每种临床体征的月平均流行率各不相同，但通常影响不到10%的观察个体。其次，我们分析这些类别中临床体征的出现情况与个体人口统计学和社会因素（年龄、性别和优势等级）以及猿猴免疫缺陷病毒（SIVcpz）感染状况之间的关系。与未成年个体相比，成年个体出现腹泻、身体状况变差以及伤口或跛行的几率更高，而雄性个体出现伤口或跛行的概率高于雌性个体。相比之下，呼吸道疾病迹象似乎与黑猩猩特有的因素无关，皮肤异常情况非常罕见。对于一部分已知等级的个体，优势等级可预测成年雄性个体受伤/跛行的概率，但无法预测成年雌性个体的任何不良临床体征。相反，感染SIVcpz的成年雌性个体更有可能出现腹泻，这一发现值得进一步研究。需要从其他地点获取可比数据，以确定我们观察到的临床体征流行率是相对较高还是较低，以及更全面地了解在种群和个体层面影响野生猿类健康的因素。《美国灵长类学杂志》80:e22562，2018年。© 2016威利期刊公司
