Laboratory for Nanoscale Materials Science, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne , CH-1950 Sion, Switzerland.
ACS Nano. 2016 Jun 28;10(6):6306-14. doi: 10.1021/acsnano.6b02613. Epub 2016 May 20.
Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have now achieved efficiencies in excess of 22%, but very little is known about their long-term stability under thermal stress. So far, stability reports have hinted at the importance of substituting the organic components, but little attention has been given to the metal contact. We investigated the stability of state-of-the-art PSCs with efficiencies exceeding 20%. Remarkably, we found that exposing PSCs to a temperature of 70 °C is enough to induce gold migration through the hole-transporting layer (HTL), spiro-MeOTAD, and into the perovskite material, which in turn severely affects the device performance metrics under working conditions. Importantly, we found that the main cause of irreversible degradation is not due to decomposition of the organic and hybrid perovskite layers. By introducing a Cr metal interlayer between the HTL and gold electrode, high-temperature-induced irreversible long-term losses are avoided. This key finding is essential in the quest for achieving high efficiency, long-term stable PSCs which, in order to be commercially viable, need to withstand hard thermal stress tests.
钙钛矿太阳能电池(PSCs)的效率现已超过 22%,但对于它们在热应力下的长期稳定性却知之甚少。到目前为止,稳定性报告暗示了取代有机成分的重要性,但很少有人关注金属接触。我们研究了效率超过 20%的最先进的 PSCs 的稳定性。值得注意的是,我们发现将 PSCs 暴露在 70°C 的温度下足以导致金通过空穴传输层(HTL)、螺噁二茂铁(spiro-MeOTAD)迁移到钙钛矿材料中,这反过来又严重影响了工作条件下的器件性能指标。重要的是,我们发现不可逆退化的主要原因不是由于有机和混合钙钛矿层的分解。通过在 HTL 和金电极之间引入 Cr 金属中间层,可以避免高温引起的不可逆长期损耗。这一关键发现对于实现高效率、长期稳定的 PSCs 至关重要,为了使其具有商业可行性,它们需要能够承受苛刻的热应力测试。