Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands.
Department of Psychiatry, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
Wiley Interdiscip Rev Cogn Sci. 2016 Jul;7(4):218-32. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1390. Epub 2016 May 30.
Social anxiety is a common disorder characterized by a persistent and excessive fear of one or more social or performance situations. Behavioral inhibition is one of the early indicators of social anxiety, which later in life may advance into a certain personality structure (low extraversion and high neuroticism) and the development of maladaptive cognitive biases. While there are several effective psycho- and pharmacotherapy options, a large number of patients benefit insufficiently from these therapies. Brain and neuroendocrine research can help uncover both the biological basis of social anxiety and potentially provide indicators, 'biomarkers,' that may be informative for early disease detection or treatment response, above and beyond self-report data. Several large-scale brain networks related to emotion, motivation, cognitive control, and self-referential processing have been identified, and are affected in social anxiety. Social anxiety is further characterized by increased cortisol response and lower testosterone levels. These neuroendocrine systems are also related to altered connectivity patterns, such as reduced amygdala-prefrontal coupling. Much work is needed however to further elucidate such interactions between neuroendocrine functioning and large-scale brain networks. Despite the great promise of brain research in uncovering the neurobiological basis of social anxiety, several methodological and conceptual issues also need to be considered. WIREs Cogn Sci 2016, 7:218-232. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1390 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
社交焦虑是一种常见的障碍，其特征是对一个或多个社交或表现情境持续且过度的恐惧。行为抑制是社交焦虑的早期指标之一，它可能在以后的生活中发展成某种人格结构（低外向性和高神经质）和适应不良的认知偏差。虽然有几种有效的心理和药物治疗选择，但大量患者对这些治疗方法的获益不足。脑和神经内分泌研究可以帮助揭示社交焦虑的生物学基础，并可能提供指标，即“生物标志物”，这些指标可能对早期疾病检测或治疗反应提供信息，超出自我报告数据的范围。已经确定了与情绪、动机、认知控制和自我参照处理相关的几个大型大脑网络，并且在社交焦虑中受到影响。社交焦虑还表现为皮质醇反应增加和睾酮水平降低。这些神经内分泌系统也与改变的连接模式有关，例如杏仁核-前额叶耦合减少。然而，需要做更多的工作来进一步阐明神经内分泌功能与大规模大脑网络之间的这种相互作用。尽管脑研究在揭示社交焦虑的神经生物学基础方面具有巨大的潜力，但也需要考虑一些方法学和概念问题。WIREs Cogn Sci 2016, 7:218-232. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1390 如需获取与本文相关的更多资源，请访问 WIREs 网站。
