Watson Shaun D, Gomez Rapson, Gullone Eleonora
School of Health Sciences and Psychology, Faculty of Health, Federation University Australia, Ballarat VIC, Australia.
School of Psychology, Psychiatry, and Psychological Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne VIC, Australia.
Front Psychol. 2016 May 9;7:635. doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00635. eCollection 2016.
This study examined various psychometric properties of the items comprising the shame and guilt scales of the Test of Self-Conscious Affect-Adolescent (TOSCA-A) in a group children between 8 and 11 years of age. A total of 699 children (367 females and 332 males) completed these scales, and also measures of depression and empathy. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) provided support for an oblique two-factor model, with the originally proposed shame and guilt items comprising shame and guilt factors, respectively. There was good internal consistency reliability for the shame and guilt scales, with omega coefficient values of 0.77 and 0.81 for shame and guilt, respectively. Also, shame correlated with depression symptoms positively (0.34, p < 0.001) and had no relation with empathy (-0.07, ns). Guilt correlated with depression symptoms negatively (-0.28, p < 0.001), and with empathy positively (0.13. p < 0.05). Thus there was support for the convergent and discriminant validity of the shame and guilt factors. Multiple-group CFA comparing this group of children with a separate group of adolescents (320 females and 242 males), based on the chi-square difference test, supported full metric invariance, the intercept invariance of 17 of the 30 shame and guilt items, and higher latent mean scores among children for both shame and guilt. The non-equivalency for intercepts and mean scores were of small effect sizes. Comparisons based on the difference in root mean squared error of approximation values supported full measurement invariance and no group difference for latent mean scores. The findings in the current study support the use of the TOSCA-A in children and the valid comparison of scores between children and adolescents, thereby opening up the possibility of evaluating change in the TOSCA-A shame and guilt factors over these developmental age groups.
本研究考察了8至11岁儿童群体中构成青少年自觉情感测试（TOSCA - A）羞耻和内疚量表的各个项目的多种心理测量特性。共有699名儿童（367名女性和332名男性）完成了这些量表，以及抑郁和同理心的测量。验证性因素分析（CFA）为一个斜交双因素模型提供了支持，最初提出的羞耻和内疚项目分别构成了羞耻和内疚因素。羞耻和内疚量表具有良好的内部一致性信度，羞耻和内疚的欧米伽系数值分别为0.77和0.81。此外，羞耻与抑郁症状呈正相关（0.34，p < 0.001），与同理心无关（-0.07，无显著性差异）。内疚与抑郁症状呈负相关（-0.28，p < 0.001），与同理心呈正相关（0.13，p < 0.05）。因此，支持了羞耻和内疚因素的聚合效度和区分效度。基于卡方差异检验，将这组儿童与另一组青少年（320名女性和242名男性）进行多组CFA比较，支持完全度量不变性、30个羞耻和内疚项目中17个项目的截距不变性，以及儿童在羞耻和内疚方面的潜在均值得分更高。截距和均值得分的非等效性效应量较小。基于近似误差均方根值差异的比较支持完全测量不变性，且潜在均值得分无组间差异。本研究结果支持在儿童中使用TOSCA - A，并支持对儿童和青少年的得分进行有效比较，从而为评估这些发育年龄组中TOSCA - A羞耻和内疚因素的变化提供了可能性。
