Friedel T, Nentwig W
Institut für Zoologie der Universität, Regensburg, F.R.G.
Toxicon. 1989;27(3):305-16. doi: 10.1016/0041-0101(89)90178-5.
Immobilizing and lethal effects of the venoms obtained from six spider species (Brachypelma albopilosum, Atrax robustus, Cupiennius salei, Selenops mexicanus, Tegenaria atrica, Argiope bruennichi) were tested on Blatta orientalis (cockroach) and Tenebrio molitor (common mealbeetle). The immobilizing effects were quantified by measuring insect locomotor activity in circle arenas observed over 72 hr after venom injection. Both insect species showed cramps, quivering and jerking of the limbs as well as flaccid paralysis after venom injection. Through relative toxicity of the venoms tested is the same in T. molitor and B. orientalis, T. molitor is absolutely less sensitive to spider venoms. The effects on locomotor activity show time characteristics specific for each venom. A dependence of the venom paralyzing effects on insect locomotor activity, low intensity of the initial excitatory phase of the venom effects and partial recovery of the insects was found with A. bruennichi and T. atrica venom. The maximal venom yields of A. bruennichi and S. mexicanus are not lethal to B. orientalis, indicating that the mere immobilizing effects of spider venoms are far more crucial to prey capture than their lethal effects. The contribution of a variety of differently acting neurotoxic components in spider venoms to the observed venom effects on insects and the significance of the venoms in spider nutrition, hunting behaviour and ecology are discussed.
对从六种蜘蛛（墨西哥红膝头蛛、澳大利亚漏斗网蜘蛛、巴西游走蛛、墨西哥花边鸟蛛、欧洲穴居狼蛛、横纹金蛛）获取的毒液对东方蜚蠊（蟑螂）和黄粉虫（普通粉甲虫）的固定和致死作用进行了测试。通过测量注射毒液后72小时内在圆形场地中观察到的昆虫运动活性来量化固定作用。两种昆虫在注射毒液后均表现出肢体痉挛、颤抖和抽搐以及松弛性麻痹。尽管所测试毒液对黄粉虫和东方蜚蠊的相对毒性相同，但黄粉虫对蜘蛛毒液的绝对敏感性较低。对运动活性的影响呈现出每种毒液特有的时间特征。发现横纹金蛛和欧洲穴居狼蛛毒液的麻痹作用与昆虫运动活性有关，毒液作用的初始兴奋期强度较低，且昆虫有部分恢复。横纹金蛛和墨西哥花边鸟蛛的最大毒液产量对东方蜚蠊并不致命，这表明蜘蛛毒液单纯的固定作用对捕食猎物而言远比其致死作用关键得多。文中讨论了蜘蛛毒液中多种不同作用的神经毒性成分对观察到的毒液对昆虫的作用的贡献以及毒液在蜘蛛营养、捕猎行为和生态学中的意义。
