Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, P.O. Box 6050, Langnes, NO-9037 Tromsø, Norway.
Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm SE-10691, Sweden; NILU-Norwegian Institute of Air Research, Fram Centre, Hjalmar Johansens gate 14, NO-9296 Tromsø, Norway.
Environ Int. 2016 Sep;94:272-282. doi: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.05.030. Epub 2016 Jun 7.
Releases of aqueous film-forming foams (AFFFs) from airport firefighting activities have been identified as important local point sources of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in nearby waterways. PFASs can be taken up by fish, and in turn by the humans that consume them. Despite the global extent of AFFF emissions, few studies exist on related impacts on humans. We aimed to investigate the associations between the consumption of fish from AFFF-affected waters and serum PFAS concentrations in humans using a combination of statistical tools, empirical data, and toxicokinetic modeling. Participants of the SAMINOR 2 Clinical Study were the basis for this study sample, which comprised 74 persons. Fifty-nine participants who reported consuming fish from AFFF-affected waters and 15 nonconsumers completed a questionnaire and gave serum samples. Participants were classified based on their consumption of trout and char: high (n=16), moderate (n=16), low (n=27), and nonconsumers (n=15); and serum samples were tested for the presence of 15 PFASs. Perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (PFOS) was found in all participants, with the highest concentrations detected in the high consumption group (geometric means, 28ng/mL) compared to the low consumption group and nonconsumers (10 and 11ng/mL, respectively). In an analysis of variance contrast model, a significant, positive increasing trend was seen for fish consumption and PFOS, perfluorohexane sulfonic acid (PFHxS), and perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA). Toxicokinetic modeling allowed us to predict the median increases in serum concentrations of PFOS, PFHxS, and PFNA among high consumers within a factor of 2.2. The combination of statistical evaluation and toxicokinetic modeling clearly demonstrated a positive relationship between consumption of fish from AFFF-affected waters and serum PFAS concentrations. Further studies on dietary exposure to other PFASs present in AFFF and its consequences on human health are warranted.
机场消防活动中释放的水成膜泡沫（AFFF）已被确定为附近水道中全氟和多氟烷基物质（PFAS）的重要局部点状污染源。PFAS 可以被鱼类吸收，而人类又可以通过食用鱼类而摄入 PFAS。尽管 AFFF 的排放具有全球性，但关于其对人类影响的研究甚少。我们旨在使用统计工具、经验数据和毒代动力学模型，调查受 AFFF 影响水域鱼类的消费与人类血清 PFAS 浓度之间的关联。SAMINOR 2 临床研究的参与者是本研究样本的基础，样本包括 74 人。59 名报告食用受 AFFF 影响水域鱼类的参与者和 15 名非食用者完成了一份问卷并提供了血清样本。参与者根据其食用鳟鱼和白鲑的情况进行分类：高（n=16）、中（n=16）、低（n=27）和非食用者（n=15）；并检测血清样本中是否存在 15 种 PFAS。所有参与者均检出全氟辛烷磺酸（PFOS），高食用组（几何平均值 28ng/mL）的浓度最高，与低食用组和非食用者（分别为 10 和 11ng/mL）相比。在方差分析对比模型中，观察到鱼类消费与 PFOS、全氟己烷磺酸（PFHxS）和全氟壬酸（PFNA）之间呈显著正递增趋势。毒代动力学模型允许我们预测高食用者血清中 PFOS、PFHxS 和 PFNA 浓度的中位数增加，其因素为 2.2。统计评估和毒代动力学模型的结合清楚地表明，食用受 AFFF 影响水域的鱼类与血清 PFAS 浓度之间存在正相关关系。需要进一步研究 AFFF 中存在的其他 PFAS 的饮食暴露及其对人类健康的影响。
