Joshi Snehal S, Howell Amy B, D'Souza Doris H
Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA.
Marucci Center for Blueberry and Cranberry Research, Rutgers, State University of New Jersey, Chatsworth, NJ, USA.
Food Environ Virol. 2016 Dec;8(4):235-243. doi: 10.1007/s12560-016-9247-3. Epub 2016 Jun 14.
Blueberry and blueberry extracts are known for their health benefits and antimicrobial properties. Natural therapeutic or preventive options to decrease the incidences of foodborne viral illnesses are becoming popular and being researched. This study aimed to determine the antiviral effects of blueberry juice (BJ) and blueberry proanthocyanidins (BB-PAC, B-type PAC structurally different from A-type PAC found in cranberries) against the infectivity of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and human norovirus surrogates (feline calicivirus (FCV-F9) and murine norovirus (MNV-1)) at 37 °C over 24 h using standard plaque assays. Viruses at ~5 log PFU/ml were mixed with equal volumes of BJ (pH 2.8), neutralized BJ (pH 7.0), BB-PAC (1, 2, 4, and 10 mg/ml), malic acid (pH 3.0), or phosphate-buffered saline (pH 7.2) and incubated over 24 h at 37 °C. Each experiment was carried out in duplicate and replicated thrice. FCV-F9 titers were found to be reduced to undetectable levels with 1 and 2 mg/ml BB-PAC after 5 min, with 0.5 mg/ml BB-PAC after 1-h, and with BJ after 3-h. MNV-1 titers were reduced to undetectable levels after 3 h with 1, 2, and 5 mg/ml BB-PAC and after 6 h with BJ. HAV titers were reduced to undetectable levels after 30 min with 2 and 5 mg/ml BB-PAC, after 3 h with 1 mg/ml BB-PAC, and by ~2 log PFU/ml with BJ after 24-h. BB-PAC shows preventive potential against infection by the tested enteric viruses in a dose- and time-dependent manner, although further in vitro studies in model food systems and in vivo studies using animal models are warranted.
蓝莓及其提取物因其对健康有益以及具有抗菌特性而闻名。减少食源性病毒疾病发病率的天然治疗或预防方法正变得越来越流行并受到研究。本研究旨在使用标准蚀斑试验，测定蓝莓汁（BJ）和蓝莓原花青素（BB-PAC，与蔓越莓中发现的A型PAC结构不同的B型PAC）在37℃下24小时内对甲型肝炎病毒（HAV）和人类诺如病毒替代物（猫杯状病毒（FCV-F9）和鼠诺如病毒（MNV-1））感染性的抗病毒作用。将浓度约为5 log PFU/ml的病毒与等体积的BJ（pH 2.8）、中和后的BJ（pH 7.0）、BB-PAC（1、2、4和10 mg/ml）、苹果酸（pH 3.0）或磷酸盐缓冲盐水（pH 7.2）混合，并在37℃下孵育24小时。每个实验重复进行两次，并重复三次。发现5分钟后，1和2 mg/ml的BB-PAC可使FCV-F9滴度降至不可检测水平，1小时后0.5 mg/ml的BB-PAC可使其降至不可检测水平，3小时后BJ可使其降至不可检测水平。1、2和5 mg/ml的BB-PAC在3小时后可使MNV-1滴度降至不可检测水平，BJ在6小时后可使其降至不可检测水平。2和5 mg/ml的BB-PAC在30分钟后可使HAV滴度降至不可检测水平，1 mg/ml的BB-PAC在3小时后可使其降至不可检测水平，24小时后BJ可使其滴度降低约2 log PFU/ml。BB-PAC以剂量和时间依赖性方式显示出对受试肠道病毒感染的预防潜力，不过仍需要在模型食品系统中进行进一步的体外研究以及使用动物模型进行体内研究。
