Nemeth N M, Gonzalez-Astudillo V, Oesterle P T, Howerth E W
Department of Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, 589 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, USA; Southeastern Cooperative Wildlife Disease Study, University of Georgia, 589 DW Brooks Drive, Athens, GA, USA.
School of Veterinary Science, Building 8114, The University of Queensland, Gatton, Queensland, Australia.
J Comp Pathol. 2016 Aug-Oct;155(2-3):105-120. doi: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2016.05.006. Epub 2016 Jun 18.
Avian samples (n = 827) submitted to the University of Georgia from 2006 to 2011 were reviewed to determine common disease entities and taxa-specific patterns. The study included 153 species, with 64.5% Psittaciformes, 11.3% Passeriformes, 7.9% Galliformes, 3.8% Columbiformes and 3.5% Anseriformes. Infectious agents were identified in 226 birds (27.3%); bacterial infections (n = 119; 14.4%) were most commonly gram-negative bacilli and Chlamydia psittaci and less commonly Mycoplasma and Mycobacterium spp. Mycotic infections (e.g. Aspergillus spp., Candida spp.) were identified in 66 birds (7.9%), followed by viruses in 30 birds (3.6%), most commonly polyomavirus and poxviruses. Eighteen birds had macroparasite infections, which were most common in Galliformes and most often involved gastrointestinal Capillaria spp. Neoplasia was diagnosed in 76 birds (9.2%) of 25 species, with 79% of the tumours deemed to be malignant. The most common neoplasm was lymphoma (n = 17; 22.4%), which was diagnosed in Psittaciformes, Galliformes and Passeriformes. Adenocarcinoma (n = 9) was found most frequently in the reproductive and gastrointestinal tracts. Haematopoietic neoplasms included myelocytoma and erythroid leucosis. Atherosclerosis was most common in psittacines (23/32; 71.8%) and in raptors and aquatic birds. Seventeen birds, mostly psittacines and aquatic birds, had amyloidosis, most often in the liver, kidney and spleen. Twenty-two birds had gout, most commonly the visceral form. Overall, bacterial infection was the most frequently diagnosed cause of death in captive birds, most commonly in Psittaciformes, followed by Passeriformes and Galliformes. Neoplasia was most common in Psittaciformes, which generally are longer lived than other taxa studied. Some disease entities (e.g. atherosclerosis and aspergillosis) may be associated with captive conditions, and some may involve a genetic predisposition (e.g. atherosclerosis, amyloidosis and haemosiderosis).
对2006年至2011年提交给佐治亚大学的禽类样本（n = 827）进行了审查，以确定常见的疾病实体和特定分类群的模式。该研究包括153个物种，其中鹦鹉形目占64.5%，雀形目占11.3%，鸡形目占7.9%，鸽形目占3.8%，雁形目占3.5%。在226只鸟（27.3%）中鉴定出感染因子；细菌感染（n = 119；14.4%）最常见的是革兰氏阴性杆菌和鹦鹉热衣原体，较少见的是支原体和分枝杆菌属。在66只鸟（7.9%）中鉴定出真菌感染（如曲霉菌属、念珠菌属），其次是30只鸟（3.6%）感染病毒，最常见的是多瘤病毒和痘病毒。18只鸟有大型寄生虫感染，最常见于鸡形目，最常涉及胃肠道毛细线虫属。在25个物种的76只鸟（9.2%）中诊断出肿瘤，其中79%的肿瘤被认为是恶性的。最常见的肿瘤是淋巴瘤（n = 17；22.4%），在鹦鹉形目、鸡形目和雀形目中被诊断出来。腺癌（n = 9）最常发生在生殖和胃肠道。造血系统肿瘤包括骨髓细胞瘤和红细胞性白血病。动脉粥样硬化在鹦鹉类（23/32；71.8%）以及猛禽和水鸟中最常见。17只鸟，主要是鹦鹉类和水鸟，患有淀粉样变性，最常发生在肝脏、肾脏和脾脏。22只鸟患有痛风，最常见的是内脏型。总体而言，细菌感染是圈养鸟类中最常诊断出的死亡原因，最常见于鹦鹉形目，其次是雀形目和鸡形目。肿瘤在鹦鹉形目中最常见，鹦鹉形目的寿命通常比其他研究的分类群更长。一些疾病实体（如动脉粥样硬化和曲霉病）可能与圈养条件有关，一些可能涉及遗传易感性（如动脉粥样硬化、淀粉样变性和血色素沉着症）。
