Perry Rosemarie E, Al Aïn Syrina, Raineki Charlis, Sullivan Regina M, Wilson Donald A
Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, New York 10016, and Department of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sackler Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016
Emotional Brain Institute, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, New York 10962, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, New York University Langone Medical School, New York, New York 10016, and.
J Neurosci. 2016 Jun 22;36(25):6634-50. doi: 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0632-16.2016.
A major component of perception is hedonic valence: perceiving stimuli as pleasant or unpleasant. Here, we used early olfactory experiences that shape odor preferences and aversions to explore developmental plasticity in circuits mediating odor hedonics. We used 2-deoxyglucose autoradiographic mapping of neural activity to identify circuits differentially activated by biologically relevant preferred and avoided odors across rat development. We then further probed this system by increasing or decreasing hedonic value. Using both region of interest and functional connectivity analyses, we identified regions within primary olfactory, amygdala/hippocampal, and prefrontal cortical networks that were activated differentially by maternal and male odors. Although some activated regions remained stable across development (postnatal days 7-23), there was a developmental emergence of others that resulted in an age-dependent elaboration of hedonic-response-specific circuitry despite stable behavioral responses (approach/avoidance) to the odors across age. Hedonic responses to these biologically important odors were modified through diet suppression of the maternal odor and co-rearing with a male. This allowed assessment of hedonic circuits in isolation of the specific odor quality and/or intensity. Early experience significantly modified odor-evoked circuitry in an age-dependent manner. For example, co-rearing with a male, which induced pup attraction to male odor, reduced activity in amygdala regions normally activated by the unfamiliar avoided male odor, making this region more consistent with maternal odor. Understanding the development of odor hedonics, particularly within the context of altered early life experience, provides insight into the development of sensory processes, food preferences, and the formation of social affiliations, among other behaviors.
Odor hedonic valence controls approach-avoidance behaviors, but also modulates ongoing behaviors ranging from food preferences and social affiliation with the caregiver to avoidance of predator odors. Experiences can shape hedonic valence. This study explored brain circuitry involved in odor hedonic encoding throughout development using maternal and predator odors and assessed the effects of early life experience on odor hedonic encoding by increasing/decreasing the hedonic value of these odors. Understanding the role of changing brain circuitry during development and its impact on behavioral function is critical for understanding sensory processing across development. These data converge with exciting literature on the brain's hedonic network and highlight the significant role of early life experience in shaping the neural networks of highly biologically relevant stimuli.
感知的一个主要组成部分是享乐效价：将刺激感知为愉悦或不悦。在此，我们利用塑造气味偏好和厌恶的早期嗅觉体验，来探索介导气味享乐的神经回路中的发育可塑性。我们使用2-脱氧葡萄糖放射自显影图谱来绘制神经活动，以识别在大鼠发育过程中被生物学相关的偏好和回避气味差异激活的神经回路。然后，我们通过增加或降低享乐价值来进一步探究这个系统。使用感兴趣区域分析和功能连接分析，我们确定了初级嗅觉、杏仁核/海马体和前额叶皮质网络中被母体和雄性气味差异激活的区域。尽管一些激活区域在整个发育过程中（出生后第7 - 23天）保持稳定，但其他区域在发育过程中出现，导致享乐反应特异性神经回路随年龄而精细发育，尽管对这些气味的行为反应（接近/回避）在不同年龄保持稳定。通过饮食抑制母体气味以及与雄性共同饲养，改变了对这些生物学上重要气味的享乐反应。这使得能够在隔离特定气味质量和/或强度的情况下评估享乐神经回路。早期经历以年龄依赖的方式显著改变了气味诱发的神经回路。例如，与雄性共同饲养会使幼崽对雄性气味产生吸引力，降低了通常被陌生的回避雄性气味激活的杏仁核区域的活动，使该区域与母体气味更一致。了解气味享乐的发育，特别是在早期生活经历改变的背景下，有助于深入了解感觉过程、食物偏好以及社会关系形成等行为的发育。
气味享乐效价不仅控制接近 - 回避行为，还调节从食物偏好、与照顾者的社会关系到回避捕食者气味等一系列正在进行中的行为。经历可以塑造享乐效价。本研究利用母体和捕食者气味，探索了整个发育过程中参与气味享乐编码的脑回路，并通过增加/降低这些气味的享乐价值，评估了早期生活经历对气味享乐编码的影响。了解发育过程中不断变化的脑回路的作用及其对行为功能的影响，对于理解整个发育过程中的感觉处理至关重要。这些数据与关于大脑享乐网络的令人兴奋的文献相一致，并突出了早期生活经历在塑造高度生物学相关刺激的神经网络中的重要作用。
