Leibovitch Emily C, Jacobson Steven
Viral Immunology Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA.
Institute for Biomedical Sciences, The George Washington University School of Medicine, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
Neurotherapeutics. 2016 Jul;13(3):562-70. doi: 10.1007/s13311-016-0453-3.
Vaccines for neuroinfectious diseases are becoming an ever-increasing global health priority, as neurologic manifestations and sequelae from existing and emerging central nervous system infections account for significant worldwide morbidity and mortality. The prevention of neurotropic infections can be achieved through globally coordinated vaccination campaigns, which have successfully eradicated nonzoonotic agents such as the variola viruses and, hopefully soon, poliovirus. This review discusses vaccines that are currently available or under development for zoonotic flaviviruses and alphaviruses, including Japanese and tick-borne encephalitis, yellow fever, West Nile, dengue, Zika, encephalitic equine viruses, and chikungunya. Also discussed are nonzoonotic agents, including measles and human herpesviruses, as well as select bacterial, fungal, and protozoal pathogens. While therapeutic vaccines will be required to treat a multitude of ongoing infections of the nervous system, the ideal vaccination strategy is pre-exposure vaccination, with the ultimate goals of minimizing disease associated with zoonotic viruses and the total eradication of nonzoonotic agents.
神经感染性疾病疫苗正日益成为全球卫生的重点，因为现有和新出现的中枢神经系统感染所导致的神经症状和后遗症在全球范围内造成了很高的发病率和死亡率。通过全球协调的疫苗接种运动可以预防嗜神经病毒感染，这些运动已成功根除了诸如天花病毒等非人畜共患病原体，并且有望很快根除脊髓灰质炎病毒。本综述讨论了目前可获得或正在研发的针对人畜共患黄病毒和甲病毒的疫苗，包括日本脑炎和蜱传脑炎、黄热病、西尼罗河病毒、登革热、寨卡病毒、马脑炎性病毒和基孔肯雅病毒。还讨论了非人畜共患病原体，包括麻疹病毒和人类疱疹病毒，以及某些细菌、真菌和原生动物病原体。虽然需要治疗性疫苗来治疗多种正在发生的神经系统感染，但理想的疫苗接种策略是暴露前接种，其最终目标是尽量减少与人畜共患病毒相关的疾病，并彻底根除非人畜共患病原体。
