St Louis Kenneth O, Sønsterud Hilda, Junuzović-Žunić Lejla, Tomaiuoli Donatella, Del Gado Francesca, Caparelli Emilia, Theiling Mareen, Flobakk Cecilie, Helmen Lise Nesbakken, Heitmann Ragnhild R, Kvenseth Helene, Nilsson Sofia, Wetterling Tobias, Lundström Cecilia, Daly Ciara, Leahy Margaret, Tyrrell Laila, Ward David, Węsierska Marta
West Virginia University, Department of Communication Sciences & Disorders, 805 Allen Hall, PO Box 6122, Morgantown, WV 26506-6122, USA.
Statped, Department of Speech and Language Disorders, Oslo, Norway.
J Commun Disord. 2016 Jul-Aug;62:115-30. doi: 10.1016/j.jcomdis.2016.05.010. Epub 2016 Jun 1.
Epidemiological research methods have been shown to be useful in determining factors that might predict commonly reported negative public attitudes toward stuttering. Previous research has suggested that stuttering attitudes of respondents from North America and Europe (i.e., "The West"), though characterized by stereotypes and potential stigma, are more positive than those from several other regions of the world. This inference assumes that public attitudes within various regions characterized by "The West" are similar.
This study aimed to determine the extent to which public stuttering attitudes are similar or different both within regions of three different European countries and between or among five different European countries or similar geographic areas. It also aimed to compare these European attitudes to attitudes from 135 samples around the world using a standard measure.
Using convenience sampling, 1111 adult respondents from eight different investigations completed the Public Opinion Survey of Human Attributes-Stuttering (POSHA-S) in the dominant language of each country or area. In Study I, the authors compared attitudes within three different regions of Bosnia & Herzegovina, Italy, and Norway. In Study II, the authors compared attitudes between combined samples from Bosnia & Herzegovina, Italy, and Norway (with additional respondents from Sweden), and two other samples, one from Germany and the other from Ireland and England.
Attitudes of adults from the three samples within Bosnia & Herzegovina, Italy, and Norway were remarkably similar. By contrast, attitudes between the five different countries or area were quite dramatically different. Demographic variables on the POSHA-S did not predict the rank order of these between-country/area differences. Compared to the POSHA-S worldwide database, European attitudes ranged from less positive than average (i.e., Italians) to more positive than average (i.e., Norwegians and Swedes).
Factors related to national identity appear to play a significant role in differences in public attitudes in Europe and should be explored in future research.
流行病学研究方法已被证明有助于确定可能预测公众对口吃普遍持负面态度的因素。先前的研究表明，北美和欧洲（即“西方”）受访者对口吃的态度，尽管存在刻板印象和潜在的污名化，但比世界其他几个地区的态度更为积极。这一推断假定“西方”所涵盖的各个地区的公众态度是相似的。
本研究旨在确定在三个不同欧洲国家的区域内，以及在五个不同欧洲国家或类似地理区域之间，公众对口吃的态度在多大程度上相似或不同。它还旨在使用一种标准测量方法，将这些欧洲人的态度与来自世界各地135个样本的态度进行比较。
采用便利抽样法，来自八项不同调查的1111名成年受访者以各自国家或地区的主要语言完成了《人类属性——口吃民意调查》（POSHA-S）。在研究I中，作者比较了波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、意大利和挪威三个不同区域内的态度。在研究II中，作者比较了波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、意大利和挪威（另有来自瑞典的受访者）的合并样本与另外两个样本的态度，其中一个样本来自德国，另一个样本来自爱尔兰和英格兰。
波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那、意大利和挪威的三个样本中的成年人态度非常相似。相比之下，五个不同国家或地区之间的态度差异相当显著。POSHA-S上的人口统计学变量并不能预测这些国家/地区间差异的排名顺序。与全球POSHA-S数据库相比，欧洲人的态度从低于平均水平的积极程度（即意大利人）到高于平均水平的积极程度（即挪威人和瑞典人）不等。
与国家认同相关的因素似乎在欧洲公众态度差异中起着重要作用，应在未来的研究中加以探讨。
