a Department of Psychology , University of California.
b Department of Psychology , University of Pittsburgh.
J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2018;47(sup1):S137-S149. doi: 10.1080/15374416.2016.1183495. Epub 2016 Jul 11.
Parental attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and depression are risk factors for negative child outcomes, but given their frequent co-occurrence and variability over time, developmentally sensitive studies are needed. To characterize change in parental ADHD and depression as predictors of change in child ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), 230 five- to ten-year-old children with (n = 110) and without (n = 120) ADHD were followed prospectively for 2 years with 90% retention. At baseline and again 2 years later (i.e., Wave 2), parents self-reported their ADHD and depression; parents and teachers also separately rated child ADHD and ODD, as well as broader attention and externalizing problems. Controlling for child sex, race-ethnicity, age, and parental depression, generalized estimating equations revealed that 2-year decreases in parental ADHD significantly predicted reduced child ADHD symptoms, but only among non-ADHD youth. Alternatively, increasing parental depression positively predicted change in teacher-rated ODD symptoms. These findings provide quasi-experimental evidence that parental ADHD and depression may be time-varying risk factors with respect to key dimensions of child externalizing behavior problems. We consider the potential dynamic and reciprocal interrelations among parental ADHD and depression with developmental change in offspring ADHD and ODD. We also discuss implications of parent psychopathology in the development of interventions to reduce the burden of youth ADHD and associated externalizing behavior.
父母注意缺陷多动障碍（ADHD）和抑郁症是儿童不良后果的风险因素，但鉴于它们经常同时发生且随时间变化，因此需要进行发展敏感研究。为了描述父母 ADHD 和抑郁症的变化作为儿童 ADHD 和对立违抗性障碍（ODD）变化的预测因素，对 230 名 5 至 10 岁的儿童进行了前瞻性随访，随访时间为 2 年，保留率为 90%。在基线和 2 年后（即第 2 波），父母自我报告 ADHD 和抑郁症；父母和教师还分别对儿童 ADHD 和 ODD 以及更广泛的注意力和外化问题进行了评分。在控制儿童性别、种族-民族、年龄和父母抑郁的情况下，广义估计方程显示，父母 ADHD 的 2 年下降显著预测了儿童 ADHD 症状的减轻，但仅在非 ADHD 青少年中。相反，父母抑郁的增加正向预测了教师评定的 ODD 症状的变化。这些发现提供了准实验证据，表明父母 ADHD 和抑郁症可能是儿童外化行为问题关键维度的随时间变化的风险因素。我们考虑了父母 ADHD 和抑郁症与后代 ADHD 和 ODD 发育变化之间的潜在动态和相互关系。我们还讨论了父母精神病理学在减少青年 ADHD 及相关外化行为负担的干预措施中的意义。
