Department of Biological Psychology, VU University Amsterdam, Van Der Boechorststraat 1, 1081 BT, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Amsterdam Public Health Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2018 Dec;27(12):1575-1584. doi: 10.1007/s00787-018-1156-6. Epub 2018 Apr 11.
The parents of children with psychopathology are at increased risk for psychiatric symptoms. To investigate which parents are mostly at risk, we assessed in a clinical sample of families with children with psychopathology, whether parental symptom scores can be predicted by offspring psychiatric diagnoses and other child, parent and family characteristics. Parental depressive, anxiety, avoidant personality, attention-deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD), and antisocial personality symptoms were measured with the Adult Self Report in 1805 mothers and 1361 fathers of 1866 children with a psychiatric diagnosis as assessed in a child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinic. In a multivariate model, including all parental symptom scores as outcome variables, all offspring psychiatric diagnoses, offspring comorbidity and age, parental age, parental educational attainment, employment, and relationship status were simultaneously tested as predictors. Both 35.7% of mothers and 32.8% of fathers scored (sub)clinical for at least one symptom domain, mainly depressive symptoms, ADHD symptoms or, only in fathers, avoidant personality symptoms. Parental psychiatric symptoms were predicted by unemployment. Parental depressive and ADHD symptoms were further predicted by offspring depression and offspring ADHD, respectively, as well as by not living together with the other parent. Finally, parental avoidant personality symptoms were also predicted by offspring autism spectrum disorders. In families with children referred to child and adolescent psychiatric outpatient clinics, parental symptom scores are associated with adverse circumstances and with similar psychopathology in their offspring. This signifies, without implying causality, that some families are particularly vulnerable, with multiple family members affected and living in adverse circumstances.
患有精神病理学的儿童的父母患精神症状的风险增加。为了研究哪些父母风险最大，我们在有精神病理学儿童的临床家庭样本中评估了父母的症状评分是否可以通过子女的精神诊断以及其他儿童、父母和家庭特征来预测。使用成人自我报告对 1866 名患有精神疾病的儿童的 1805 名母亲和 1361 名父亲进行了父母的抑郁、焦虑、回避型人格、注意力缺陷/多动障碍（ADHD）和反社会人格症状的评估。在一个包含所有父母症状评分作为因变量的多元模型中，包括所有子女的精神诊断、子女的共病和年龄、父母的年龄、父母的教育程度、就业和婚姻状况，同时作为预测因子进行了测试。有 35.7%的母亲和 32.8%的父亲在至少一个症状领域（主要是抑郁症状、ADHD 症状或仅在父亲中出现的回避型人格症状）上得分（亚）临床。父母的精神症状与失业有关。父母的抑郁和 ADHD 症状分别进一步由子女的抑郁和 ADHD 以及与另一方父母不住在一起来预测，而父母的回避型人格症状也由子女的自闭症谱系障碍来预测。在被转介到儿童和青少年精神病门诊的家庭中，父母的症状评分与不良环境以及子女相似的精神病理学有关。这表明，没有暗示因果关系，一些家庭特别脆弱，多个家庭成员受到影响并生活在不利环境中。
