USDA-ARS, 2923 Medary Ave, Brookings, SD 57006, USA.
Sci Rep. 2016 Jul 14;6:29608. doi: 10.1038/srep29608.
Worldwide pollinator declines are attributed to a number of factors, including pesticide exposures. Neonicotinoid insecticides specifically have been detected in surface waters, non-target vegetation, and bee products, but the risks posed by environmental exposures are still not well understood. Pollinator strips were tested for clothianidin contamination in plant tissues, and the risks to honey bees assessed. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) quantified clothianidin in leaf, nectar, honey, and bee bread at organic and seed-treated farms. Total glycogen, lipids, and protein from honey bee workers were quantified. The proportion of plants testing positive for clothianidin were the same between treatments. Leaf tissue and honey had similar concentrations of clothianidin between organic and seed-treated farms. Honey (mean±SE: 6.61 ± 0.88 ppb clothianidin per hive) had seven times greater concentrations than nectar collected by bees (0.94 ± 0.09 ppb). Bee bread collected from organic sites (25.8 ± 3.0 ppb) had significantly less clothianidin than those at seed treated locations (41.6 ± 2.9 ppb). Increasing concentrations of clothianidin in bee bread were correlated with decreased glycogen, lipid, and protein in workers. This study shows that small, isolated areas set aside for conservation do not provide spatial or temporal relief from neonicotinoid exposures in agricultural regions where their use is largely prophylactic.
全世界的传粉媒介数量减少可归因于多种因素，包括接触杀虫剂。已在地表水、非靶标植被和蜂产品中检测到新烟碱类杀虫剂，但是环境暴露所带来的风险仍未得到充分了解。本研究对传粉媒介隔离带中的噻虫嗪污染进行了植物组织检测，并评估了其对蜜蜂的风险。酶联免疫吸附测定法（ELISA）定量分析了有机农场和种子处理农场中叶片、花蜜、蜂蜜和蜂粮中的噻虫嗪含量。定量分析了工蜂体内的总糖原、脂类和蛋白质。经处理的植物中噻虫嗪检测呈阳性的比例在两种处理之间相同。有机农场和种子处理农场的叶片组织和蜂蜜中的噻虫嗪浓度相似。与蜜蜂采集的花蜜（0.94±0.09 ppb）相比，蜂蜜（每群蜂的平均浓度±标准误差：6.61±0.88 ppb）的浓度高出 7 倍。从有机地点采集的蜂粮（25.8±3.0 ppb）中的噻虫嗪含量明显低于种子处理地点（41.6±2.9 ppb）。蜂粮中噻虫嗪浓度的增加与工蜂中糖原、脂类和蛋白质的减少呈正相关。本研究表明，在农业地区，这些杀虫剂的使用主要是预防性的，因此，小型、孤立的保护区并不能为传粉媒介提供空间或时间上免受新烟碱类杀虫剂暴露的保护。
