Pantoja Patricia D, Saez DE Villarreal Eduardo, Brisswalter Jeanick, Peyré-Tartaruga Leonardo A, Morin Jean-Benoit
1Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, BRAZIL; 2Faculty of Sport Sciences, University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, SPAIN; and 3Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, FRANCE.
Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2016 Dec;48(12):2469-2476. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000001039.
The best sprint performances are usually reached between the ages of 20 and 30 yr; however, even in well-trained individuals, performance continues to decrease with age. Although this inevitable decrease in performance has been related to reductions in muscular force, velocity, and power capabilities, these measures have not been assessed in the specific context of sprinting. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical outputs of sprinting acceleration among masters sprinters to better understand the mechanical underpinnings of the age-related decrease in sprint performance.
The study took place during an international masters competition, with testing performed at the end of the warm-up for official sprint races. Horizontal ground reaction force, velocity, mechanical power outputs, and mechanical effectiveness of force application were estimated from running velocity-time data during a 30-m sprint acceleration in 27 male sprinters (39-96 yr). Data were presented in the form of age-related changes and compared with elite young sprinters data.
Maximal force, velocity, and power outputs decreased linearly with age (all r > 0.84, P < 0.001), at a rate of ~1% per year. Maximal power of the oldest subject tested was approximately one-ninth of that of younger world-class sprinters (3.57 vs 32.1 W·kg). Although the maximal effectiveness of horizontal force application also decreased with age, its decrease with increasing velocity within the sprint acceleration was not age dependent.
In addition to lower neuromuscular force, velocity, and power outputs, masters sprinters had a comparatively lower effectiveness of force application, especially at the beginning of the sprint.
最佳短跑成绩通常在20至30岁之间达到；然而，即使是训练有素的个体，成绩也会随着年龄的增长而持续下降。尽管这种不可避免的成绩下降与肌肉力量、速度和功率能力的降低有关，但这些指标尚未在短跑的特定背景下进行评估。本研究的目的是调查成年短跑运动员短跑加速时的力学输出，以更好地理解与年龄相关的短跑成绩下降的力学基础。
该研究在一次国际成年组比赛期间进行，测试在官方短跑比赛热身结束时进行。通过27名男性短跑运动员（39 - 96岁）30米短跑加速过程中的跑步速度 - 时间数据，估算水平地面反作用力、速度、机械功率输出以及力应用的机械效率。数据以与年龄相关的变化形式呈现，并与年轻精英短跑运动员的数据进行比较。
最大力量、速度和功率输出随年龄呈线性下降（所有r > 0.84，P < 0.001），每年下降速率约为1%。测试的最年长者的最大功率约为年轻世界级短跑运动员的九分之一（3.57对32.1 W·kg）。尽管水平力应用的最大效率也随年龄下降，但其在短跑加速过程中随速度增加的下降与年龄无关。
除了较低的神经肌肉力量、速度和功率输出外，成年短跑运动员的力应用效率相对较低，尤其是在短跑开始时。
