Fikentscher R, Seeber H
Z Gesamte Hyg. 1989 Feb;35(2):78-81.
Olfactometric fitness examinations in relation to the place of work are required since the olfactory organ has support and protective functions. Smelling disorders result at work from trauma, hypersensitivity, acute and chronic intoxications, but most frequently from chemical and physical substances taken up by inhalation. They are different due to their expression (slight hyposmia till to anosmia, parosmia), latency, localization (respiratory, epithelial, nerval, central), and a combination with other disorders. In order to examine rhinologically the patient, the nasal mucosa has to be assessed. Its lesion does not necessarily correlate to the smell disorder. 475 patients were exposed to a total of 10 different substances or classes of substances. It was demonstrated that disorders of the whole nasal physiology can be caused by toxic and nontoxic substances, e.g. calcium carbide when taking effect for a longer period, even below their legally required "maximum absorption concentration". The treatment is started after ending the exposition. The expert's opinion is based on the clinical findings, a standardized investigation of smelling, the patient's history incl. the history of occupation, and an analysis of the place-of-work conditions. The degree of bodily defect is related to the single types of disorder. In case of a complete anosmia it is 20%. It is assumed that a growing number of occupation-related smell disorders become known and, hence, have to be assessed.
鉴于嗅觉器官具有支持和保护功能，因此需要针对工作场所进行嗅觉功能检查。工作中嗅觉障碍可由创伤、过敏、急慢性中毒引起，但最常见的是吸入化学和物理物质所致。它们因表现形式（从轻微嗅觉减退到嗅觉丧失、嗅觉异常）、潜伏期、定位（呼吸性、上皮性、神经性、中枢性）以及与其他障碍的合并情况而有所不同。为了从鼻科学角度检查患者，必须评估鼻黏膜。其病变不一定与嗅觉障碍相关。475名患者总共接触了10种不同的物质或物质类别。结果表明，有毒和无毒物质均可导致整个鼻腔生理功能紊乱，例如电石长期起作用时，即便低于法定的“最大吸收浓度”也会如此。接触结束后开始治疗。专家意见基于临床检查结果、标准化嗅觉调查、患者病史（包括职业史）以及对工作场所条件的分析。身体缺陷程度与单一类型的障碍相关。完全嗅觉丧失的情况下为20%。据推测，与职业相关的嗅觉障碍病例会越来越多地被发现，因此必须进行评估。
