Huisman Thierry A G M, Poretti Andrea
Division of Pediatric Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Division of Pediatric Radiology, Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD, USA.
Handb Clin Neurol. 2016;136:1199-220. doi: 10.1016/B978-0-444-53486-6.00062-4.
Traumatic brain and spine injury (TBI/TSI) is a leading cause of death and lifelong disability in children. The biomechanical properties of the child's brain, skull, and spine, the size of the child, the age-specific activity pattern, and variance in trauma mechanisms result in a wide range of age-specific traumas and patterns of brain and spine injuries. A detailed knowledge about the various types of primary and secondary pediatric head and spine injuries is essential to better identify and understand pediatric TBI/TSI, which enhances sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis, will guide therapy, and may give important information about the prognosis. The purposes of this chapter are to: (1) discuss the unique epidemiology, mechanisms, and characteristics of TBI/TSI in children; (2) review the anatomic and functional imaging techniques that can be used to study common and rare pediatric TBI/TSI and their complications; (3) comprehensively review frequent primary and secondary brain injuries; and (4) to give a short overview of two special types of pediatric TBI/TSI: birth-related and nonaccidental injuries.
创伤性脑损伤和脊柱损伤（TBI/TSI）是儿童死亡和终身残疾的主要原因。儿童大脑、颅骨和脊柱的生物力学特性、儿童的体型、特定年龄的活动模式以及创伤机制的差异，导致了广泛的特定年龄创伤以及脑和脊柱损伤模式。详细了解各种类型的原发性和继发性小儿头部和脊柱损伤，对于更好地识别和理解小儿TBI/TSI至关重要，这可提高诊断的敏感性和特异性，指导治疗，并可能提供有关预后的重要信息。本章的目的是：（1）讨论儿童TBI/TSI独特的流行病学、机制和特征；（2）回顾可用于研究常见和罕见小儿TBI/TSI及其并发症的解剖学和功能成像技术；（3）全面回顾常见的原发性和继发性脑损伤；（4）简要概述两种特殊类型的小儿TBI/TSI：与出生相关的损伤和非意外伤害。
