Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Department of Entomology, University of Maryland, College Park, 9600 Gudelsky Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, United States.
Curr Opin Insect Sci. 2016 Feb;13:43-54. doi: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.11.001. Epub 2015 Nov 17.
Insect genome editing was first reported 1991 in Drosophila melanogaster but the technology used was not portable to other species. Not until the recent development of facile, engineered DNA endonuclease systems has gene editing become widely available to insect scientists. Most applications in insects to date have been technical in nature but this is rapidly changing. Functional genomics and genetics-based insect control efforts will be major beneficiaries of the application of contemporary gene editing technologies. Engineered endonucleases like Cas9 make it possible to create powerful and effective gene drive systems that could be used to reduce or even eradicate specific insect populations. 'Best practices' for using Cas9-based editing are beginning to emerge making it easier and more effective to design and use but gene editing technologies still require traditional means of delivery in order to introduce them into somatic and germ cells of insects-microinjection of developing embryos. This constrains the use of these technologies by insect scientists. Insects created using editing technologies challenge existing governmental regulatory structures designed to manage genetically modified organisms.
昆虫基因组编辑最早于 1991 年在黑腹果蝇中报道，但当时使用的技术无法在其他物种中应用。直到最近，易于操作的工程化 DNA 内切酶系统的发展，基因编辑才广泛应用于昆虫科学家。迄今为止，昆虫领域的大多数应用都具有技术性，但这种情况正在迅速改变。基于功能基因组学和遗传学的昆虫控制工作将是应用当代基因编辑技术的主要受益者。像 Cas9 这样的工程内切酶使创建强大而有效的基因驱动系统成为可能，这些系统可用于减少甚至消除特定的昆虫种群。使用 Cas9 进行编辑的“最佳实践”正在开始出现，这使得设计和使用变得更加容易和有效，但基因编辑技术仍需要传统的传递方式才能将其引入昆虫的体细胞和生殖细胞中——对发育中的胚胎进行微注射。这限制了昆虫科学家对这些技术的使用。使用编辑技术创造的昆虫对旨在管理转基因生物的现有政府监管结构提出了挑战。
