Gettler Lee T, Oka Rahul C
Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA; The Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, IN, USA.
Department of Anthropology, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, IN, USA.
Soc Sci Med. 2016 Aug;163:157-67. doi: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2016.06.044. Epub 2016 Jun 25.
Partnered adults tend to have lower risks of depression than do single individuals, while parents are more commonly depressed than non-parents. Low testosterone men, and possibly women, are also at greater risk of depression. A large body of research has shown that partnered parents have lower testosterone than single non-parents in some cultural settings, including the U.S. Here, we drew on a large (n = 2438), U.S.-population representative cohort of reproductive aged adults (age: 38.1 years ± 11.1 SD) to test hypotheses regarding the intersections between partnering and parenting, testosterone, socio-demographic characteristics, and depression outcomes. Men and women's depression prevalence did not vary based on testosterone. Partnered fathers had lower testosterone than single (never married, divorced) non-fathers, but were less commonly depressed than those single non-fathers. Partnered mothers had reduced testosterone compared to never married and partnered non-mothers. Never married mothers had higher depression prevalence and elevated depressive symptomology compared to partnered mothers; these differences were largely accounted for by key health-related covariates (e.g. cigarette smoking, BMI). We found significant three-way-interactions between socioeconomic status (SES), testosterone, and parenting for adults' depression risks. High testosterone, high SES fathers had the lowest prevalence of mild depression, whereas low testosterone, low SES non-fathers had the highest. Compared to other mothers, low SES, low testosterone mothers had elevated prevalence of mild depression. Overall, low SES, high testosterone non-mothers had substantially elevated depression risks compared to other women. We suggest that psychobiological profiles (e.g. a male with low testosterone) can emerge through variable psychosomatic and psychosocial pathways and the net effect of those profiles for depression are influenced by the social (e.g. partnering and parenting status; socioeconomic gradients), cultural (e.g. gender and family life domains), and ecological (e.g. the lived environment, particularly related to low SES and poverty) contexts in which individuals find themselves.
有伴侣的成年人患抑郁症的风险往往比单身人士低，而父母比非父母更易患抑郁症。睾酮水平低的男性，可能还有女性，患抑郁症的风险也更高。大量研究表明，在包括美国在内的一些文化背景中，有伴侣的父母的睾酮水平低于单身非父母。在此，我们利用一个规模较大（n = 2438）、具有美国人口代表性的育龄成年人队列（年龄：38.1岁±11.1标准差），来检验关于伴侣关系与为人父母、睾酮、社会人口学特征以及抑郁结果之间交叉关系的假设。男性和女性的抑郁症患病率并不会因睾酮水平而有所不同。有伴侣的父亲的睾酮水平低于单身（从未结婚、离异）的非父亲，但患抑郁症的几率比那些单身非父亲更低。与从未结婚以及有伴侣的非母亲相比，有伴侣的母亲的睾酮水平有所降低。与有伴侣的母亲相比，从未结婚的母亲的抑郁症患病率更高，抑郁症状也更严重；这些差异在很大程度上是由关键的健康相关协变量（如吸烟、体重指数）所导致的。我们发现社会经济地位（SES）、睾酮和为人父母状况之间存在显著的三向交互作用，影响成年人的抑郁风险。睾酮水平高、社会经济地位高的父亲患轻度抑郁症的患病率最低，而睾酮水平低、社会经济地位低的非父亲患病率最高。与其他母亲相比，社会经济地位低、睾酮水平低的母亲患轻度抑郁症的患病率更高。总体而言，与其他女性相比，社会经济地位低、睾酮水平高的非母亲患抑郁症的风险大幅升高。我们认为，心理生物学特征（如睾酮水平低的男性）可能通过多种身心和社会心理途径显现出来，而这些特征对抑郁症的综合影响会受到个体所处的社会（如有伴侣和为人父母状况；社会经济梯度）、文化（如性别和家庭生活领域）以及生态（如生活环境，特别是与社会经济地位低和贫困相关的环境）背景的影响。
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