Broughan J M, Judge J, Ely E, Delahay R J, Wilson G, Clifton-Hadley R S, Goodchild A V, Bishop H, Parry J E, Downs S H
Animal and Plant Health Agency - Weybridge,New Haw,Addlestone,Surrey,UK.
National Wildlife Management Centre,Animal and Plant Health Agency,Woodchester Park,Nympsfield,Gloucestershire,UK.
Epidemiol Infect. 2016 Oct;144(14):2899-2926. doi: 10.1017/S095026881600131X. Epub 2016 Jul 25.
Bovine tuberculosis (bTB) is an important disease of cattle caused by infection with Mycobacterium bovis, a pathogen that may be extremely difficult to eradicate in the presence of a true wildlife reservoir. Our objective was to identify and review relevant literature and provide a succinct summary of current knowledge of risk factors for transmission of infection of cattle. Search strings were developed to identify publications from electronic databases to February 2015. Abstracts of 4255 papers identified were reviewed by three reviewers to determine whether the entire article was likely to contain relevant information. Risk factors could be broadly grouped as follows: animal (including nutrition and genetics), herd (including bTB and testing history), environment, wildlife and social factors. Many risk factors are inter-related and study designs often do not enable differentiation between cause and consequence of infection. Despite differences in study design and location, some risk factors are consistently identified, e.g. herd size, bTB history, presence of infected wildlife, whereas the evidence for others is less consistent and coherent, e.g. nutrition, local cattle movements. We have identified knowledge gaps where further research may result in an improved understanding of bTB transmission dynamics. The application of targeted, multifactorial disease control regimens that address a range of risk factors simultaneously is likely to be a key to effective, evidence-informed control strategies.
牛结核病（bTB）是由牛分枝杆菌感染引起的一种重要的牛病，在存在真正的野生动物宿主的情况下，这种病原体可能极难根除。我们的目标是识别和回顾相关文献，并简要总结当前关于牛感染传播风险因素的知识。制定了检索词，以识别截至2015年2月电子数据库中的出版物。三位评审员对识别出的4255篇论文的摘要进行了评审，以确定整篇文章是否可能包含相关信息。风险因素大致可分为以下几类：动物（包括营养和遗传学）、畜群（包括牛结核病和检测历史）、环境、野生动物和社会因素。许多风险因素相互关联，研究设计往往无法区分感染的原因和后果。尽管研究设计和地点存在差异，但一些风险因素始终被识别出来，例如畜群规模、牛结核病历史、感染野生动物的存在，而其他一些因素的证据则不太一致和连贯，例如营养、当地牛的流动。我们已经确定了知识空白，进一步的研究可能会增进对牛结核病传播动态的理解。同时针对一系列风险因素应用有针对性的多因素疾病控制方案，可能是制定有效、基于证据的控制策略的关键。
