Kollanus Virpi, Prank Marje, Gens Alexandra, Soares Joana, Vira Julius, Kukkonen Jaakko, Sofiev Mikhail, Salonen Raimo O, Lanki Timo
Department of Health Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland.
Environ Health Perspect. 2017 Jan;125(1):30-37. doi: 10.1289/EHP194. Epub 2016 Jul 29.
Vegetation fires can release substantial quantities of fine particles (PM2.5), which are harmful to health. The fire smoke may be transported over long distances and can cause adverse health effects over wide areas.
We aimed to assess annual mortality attributable to short-term exposures to vegetation fire-originated PM2.5 in different regions of Europe.
PM2.5 emissions from vegetation fires in Europe in 2005 and 2008 were evaluated based on Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) satellite data on fire radiative power. Atmospheric transport of the emissions was modeled using the System for Integrated modeLling of Atmospheric coMposition (SILAM) chemical transport model. Mortality impacts were estimated for 27 European countries based on a) modeled daily PM2.5 concentrations and b) population data, both presented in a 50 × 50 km2 spatial grid; c) an exposure-response function for short-term PM2.5 exposure and daily nonaccidental mortality; and d) country-level data for background mortality risk.
In the 27 countries overall, an estimated 1,483 and 1,080 premature deaths were attributable to the vegetation fire-originated PM2.5 in 2005 and 2008, respectively. Estimated impacts were highest in southern and eastern Europe. However, all countries were affected by fire-originated PM2.5, and even the lower concentrations in western and northern Europe contributed substantially (~ 30%) to the overall estimate of attributable mortality.
Our assessment suggests that air pollution caused by PM2.5 released from vegetation fires is a notable risk factor for public health in Europe. Moreover, the risk can be expected to increase in the future as climate change proceeds. This factor should be taken into consideration when evaluating the overall health and socioeconomic impacts of these fires. Citation: Kollanus V, Prank M, Gens A, Soares J, Vira J, Kukkonen J, Sofiev M, Salonen RO, Lanki T. 2017. Mortality due to vegetation fire-originated PM2.5 exposure in Europe-assessment for the years 2005 and 2008. Environ Health Perspect 125:30-37; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP194.
植被火灾会释放大量细颗粒物（PM2.5），对健康有害。火灾烟雾可能会远距离传输，并在广大区域造成不良健康影响。
我们旨在评估欧洲不同地区短期暴露于植被火灾源PM2.5导致的年度死亡率。
基于中分辨率成像光谱仪（MODIS）的火灾辐射功率卫星数据，评估了2005年和2008年欧洲植被火灾的PM2.5排放。使用大气成分综合建模系统（SILAM）化学传输模型对排放的大气传输进行建模。基于以下数据估算了27个欧洲国家的死亡影响：a）模拟的每日PM2.5浓度；b）人口数据，均以50×50平方公里的空间网格呈现；c）短期PM2.5暴露与每日非意外死亡率的暴露-反应函数；d）国家层面的背景死亡风险数据。
在这27个国家总体上，2005年和2008年分别估计有1483例和1080例过早死亡可归因于植被火灾源PM2.5。估计影响在欧洲南部和东部最高。然而，所有国家都受到火灾源PM2.5的影响，甚至北欧和西欧较低的浓度也对可归因死亡率的总体估计有很大贡献（约30%）。
我们的评估表明，植被火灾释放的PM2.5造成的空气污染是欧洲公共健康的一个显著风险因素。此外，随着气候变化的推进，预计未来风险会增加。在评估这些火灾对整体健康和社会经济的影响时应考虑这一因素。引文：Kollanus V, Prank M, Gens A, Soares J, Vira J, Kukkonen J, Sofiev M, Salonen RO, Lanki T. 2017.欧洲因暴露于植被火灾源PM2.5导致的死亡率——2005年和2008年评估。环境健康展望125:30 - 37；http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP194。
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