Nikolaidis Pantelis T, Knechtle Beat
a Department of Physical and Cultural Education , Hellenic Army Academy , Athens , Greece.
b Gesundheitszentrum St. Gallen , St. Gallen , Switzerland.
J Sports Sci. 2017 Jun;35(12):1165-1172. doi: 10.1080/02640414.2016.1213412. Epub 2016 Jul 30.
Pacing strategies have been investigated for elite-standard freestyle swimmers, but little is known about pacing in age-group freestyle swimmers. We investigated changes in swimming time across distances in 4,481 women and men swimmers who competed in 100, 200, 400, and 800 m freestyle age groups from 25-29 years to 90-94 years in the FINA World Masters Championships 2014. In 100 to 800 m, there was a small lap×sex interaction (P < 0.001, 0.033 ≤ η ≤ 0.045) whereby women had larger lap-to-lap changes in swimming time than men. From 100 to 800 m, there were moderate to large lap×age group interactions (P < 0.001, 0.054 ≤ η ≤ 0.235), i.e., pacing patterns differed by age groups. There were small main effects of lap on time in 100, 200, 400 and 800 m freestyle events (P < 0.001, 0.033 ≤ η ≤ 0.045). In summary, (i) the largest increase in swimming time occurred during the second lap and a decrease in time occurred during the last lap, except in the 100 m, and (ii) the effect of participants' sex on lap time indicated larger percentage changes of pacing in women than in men. These findings should help coaches to develop age- and event-tailored pacing strategies.
针对精英水平的自由泳运动员的配速策略已有研究，但对于年龄组自由泳运动员的配速情况却知之甚少。我们调查了4481名男女游泳运动员在2014年国际泳联世界大师锦标赛中参加25 - 29岁至90 - 94岁年龄组100米、200米、400米和800米自由泳比赛时，不同距离的游泳时间变化。在100米至800米比赛中，存在较小的圈数×性别交互作用（P < 0.001，0.033≤η≤0.045），即女性每圈游泳时间的变化比男性大。从100米至800米，存在中等至较大的圈数×年龄组交互作用（P < 0.001，0.054≤η≤0.235），也就是说，配速模式因年龄组而异。在100米、200米、400米和800米自由泳项目中，圈数对时间有较小的主效应（P < 0.001，0.033≤η≤0.045）。总之，（i）除100米外，游泳时间增加最多的是在第二圈，最后一圈时间减少；（ii）参与者性别对每圈时间的影响表明，女性配速的百分比变化比男性大。这些发现应有助于教练制定适合年龄和项目的配速策略。
