College of Information Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China.
Department of Endocrinology, Endocrine Key Laboratory of Ministry of Health, National Virtual Simulation Laboratory Education Center of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
Int J Comput Assist Radiol Surg. 2017 Jan;12(1):13-23. doi: 10.1007/s11548-016-1461-9. Epub 2016 Aug 1.
PURPOSE: Virtual digital resources and printed models have become indispensable tools for medical training and surgical planning. Nevertheless, printed models of soft tissue organs are still challenging to reproduce. This study adopts open source packages and a low-cost desktop 3D printer to convert multiple modalities of medical images to digital resources (volume rendering images and digital models) and lifelike printed models, which are useful to enhance our understanding of the geometric structure and complex spatial nature of anatomical organs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Neuroimaging technologies such as CT, CTA, MRI, and TOF-MRA collect serial medical images. The procedures for producing digital resources can be divided into volume rendering and medical image reconstruction. To verify the accuracy of reconstruction, this study presents qualitative and quantitative assessments. Subsequently, digital models are archived as stereolithography format files and imported to the bundled software of the 3D printer. The printed models are produced using polylactide filament materials. RESULTS: We have successfully converted multiple modalities of medical images to digital resources and printed models for both hard organs (cranial base and tooth) and soft tissue organs (brain, blood vessels of the brain, the heart chambers and vessel lumen, and pituitary tumor). Multiple digital resources and printed models were provided to illustrate the anatomical relationship between organs and complicated surrounding structures. Three-dimensional printing (3DP) is a powerful tool to produce lifelike and tangible models. CONCLUSIONS: We present an available and cost-effective method for producing both digital resources and printed models. The choice of modality in medical images and the processing approach is important when reproducing soft tissue organs models. The accuracy of the printed model is determined by the quality of organ models and 3DP. With the ongoing improvement of printing techniques and the variety of materials available, 3DP will become an indispensable tool in medical training and surgical planning.
目的：虚拟数字资源和打印模型已成为医学培训和手术规划不可或缺的工具。然而，软组织器官的打印模型仍然难以复制。本研究采用开源软件包和低成本桌面 3D 打印机，将多种医学图像转换为数字资源（体绘制图像和数字模型）和逼真的打印模型，有助于加深我们对解剖器官的几何结构和复杂空间性质的理解。
材料与方法：神经影像学技术（如 CT、CTA、MRI 和 TOF-MRA）采集连续的医学图像。制作数字资源的过程可分为体绘制和医学图像重建。为了验证重建的准确性，本研究进行了定性和定量评估。随后，数字模型以立体光刻格式文件存档，并导入 3D 打印机的捆绑软件。打印模型采用聚乳酸长丝材料制成。
结果：我们成功地将多种模态的医学图像转换为数字资源和硬组织（颅底和牙齿）和软组织器官（脑、脑血管、心脏腔室和血管内腔以及垂体肿瘤）的打印模型。提供了多种数字资源和打印模型来说明器官与复杂周围结构之间的解剖关系。三维打印（3DP）是制作逼真有形模型的有力工具。
结论：我们提出了一种可行且具有成本效益的方法，用于制作数字资源和打印模型。在复制软组织器官模型时，医学图像中的模态选择和处理方法很重要。打印模型的准确性取决于器官模型和 3DP 的质量。随着打印技术的不断改进和各种材料的出现，3DP 将成为医学培训和手术规划不可或缺的工具。
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